Respiratory system Functions 1.Moves oxygen from the outside environment into the body. 2.Removes carbon dioxide and water from the body

Why we need oxygen? The chemical reactions that produces energy inside the cells require oxygen. Oxygen and Glucose are transported to the cells by the Circulatory system to produce energy

What is respiration?respiration The process in which oxygen and glucose undergo a complex series of chemical reactions to release the energy. It produces carbon dioxide and water.

WHY WE NEED O 2

What is Breathing? Is the process in which air flows into and out of the lungs

How do you breathe? The brain is in control Internal stimuli indicates how much O 2 your body needs.

The process of breathing Muscle of breathing: diaphragm A large dome shaped muscle at the base of your lungs. When you –inhale or breath in the diaphragm moves downward –Exhale or breath out the diaphragm relax

How does the air travel and get into your body? The air travels from the outside environment to the lungs: Nose or Mouth Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Blood Stream

Pharynx The air moves from the nose into the throat The food from the mouth moves to the throat because is part of the digestive system

Nose Two openings or nostrils, separated by a thin wall. The lining of the nose is coated with cilia and mucus. Trap particles and warm and moisten the air. Why?

trachea The wall of the trachea is made of cartilage rings. Why? Trachea wall is lined with cilia and mucus Epiglottis prevents the food to come inside the lungs

Bronchial tube Large tubular structures within the lungs. These carry air into the lungs from the trachea. They branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles

Bronchiole The first airway branches that no longer contain cartilage. They lead to the alveoli.

Alveolus Tiny sacs of lung tissue whose structure specializes in exchanging gases (CO 2 and O 2 )between the air and the blood The alveolus are surrounded by capillaries.

O and CO 2 exchange The blood coming from the heart to the lungs is carrying a lot of Carbon dioxide and little Oxygen. Inside the alveoli the hemoglobin in your red blood cells attaches the Oxygen and at the same time is getting rid of the CO 2

Larynx Also called the voice box An organ in mammals involved in protection of the trachea and sound production

Vocal cords Folds of connective tissue that produce your voice Are stretched across the opening of the larynx. Vibrate to produce sound.

Lungs Inside the lungs, each bronchus divides into smaller and smaller tubes

Diaphragm it contracts, it pushes downward and spreads out, increasing the vertical dimension of the chest cavity and driving up abdominal pressure dome-shaped sheet of muscle that inserts into the lower ribs.

Pleura A membrane which folds back upon itself to form a two-layered, membrane structure that surrounds the lungs.

Breathing and Homeostasis Homeostasis –keeping the internal environment of the body balanced –need to balance O 2 in and CO 2 out –need to balance energy (ATP) production Exercise –breathe faster need more ATP bring in more O 2 & remove more CO 2 Disease –poor lung or heart function = breathe faster need to work harder to bring in O 2 & remove CO 2 O2O2 ATP CO 2

Respiratory system conditions Asthma

interactive system Tutorial label the parts Lungs Respiratory rap Respiratory system song music with the students to sing alongRespiratory system song music with the students to sing along

Optimizing gas exchange Why high surface area? –maximizing rate of gas exchange –CO 2 & O 2 move across cell membrane by diffusion rate of diffusion proportional to surface area Why moist membranes? –moisture maintains cell membrane structure –gases diffuse only dissolved in water High surface area? High surface area! Where have we heard that before?

Gas exchange in many forms… one-celledamphibiansechinoderms insectsfishmammals endotherm vs. ectotherm size cilia water vs. land

Evolution of gas exchange structures external systems with lots of surface area exposed to aquatic environment Aquatic organisms moist internal respiratory tissues with lots of surface area Terrestrial

Gas Exchange in Water: Gills

Counter current exchange system Water carrying gas flows in one direction, blood flows in opposite direction just keep swimming…. Why does it work counter current? Adaptation!