Marine Food Chains/Webs Energy from primary production is transferred up the trophic chain Each step is inefficient (~90% energy is lost) Shorter chains are more efficient at producing apex predators

Bottom Up Control on the Marine Food Webs Primary Secondary Production Phytoplankton h CO 2 O2O2 PlantsNUTS Food Web

Marine Food Chains/Webs Energy from primary production is transferred up the trophic chain Each step is inefficient (~90% energy is lost) Shorter chains are more efficient at producing apex predators

Primary Production by Biome Ryther (1969) Science

Primary Production by Biome Ryther (1969) Science

Marine Food Chains/Webs Open ocean = 90% area & most of the NPP but little fish production Coastal ocean = 9.9% area & 20% of the global NPP but ½ of the fish production Upwelling systems = 0.1% area & little NPP but ½ fish production

CalCoFI Zooplankton Sampling

Dudley Chelton [OSU] CalCoFI Zooplankton

Seasonal Zooplankton Zoo Winds

Seasonal Zooplankton Zoo Winds

CalCoFI Zooplankton Highest in the tongue of CA Current

The Upwelling Conveyor Belt Highest NUTS High NUTSLow NUTS High ChlLow ChlLower Chl High ZooLow ZooLower Zoo Sinking POM

CalCoFI Zooplankton Corresponds to low salinity waters from north

CalCoFI Zooplankton Highest in the tongue of CA Current

The Upwelling Conveyor Belt Highest NUTS High NUTSLow NUTS High ChlLow ChlLower Chl High ZooLow ZooLower Zoo Sinking POM

CalCoFI Zooplankton Hi Zoo ’ s = Low Temp ENSO connection All in pre-1977

CalCoFI Zooplankton 70% Decline in 1970 ’ s

The 1977 Regime Shift McGowan et al, 1998: Climate-Ocean Variability and Ecosystem Response in the Northeast Pacific, Science

Cool vs. Warm Water Species T. Spinifera = cool water N. Simplex = warm

Cool water species – gone during ENSO

Zooplankton in CA Current Zooplankton follow climatic changes both ENSO and PDO are seen Long term zoo distribution consistent with upwelling conveyor & advection from N Pac Evidence of species switching is also observed