Research is a Process of Inquiry 報告人 : 劉伊晟 授課教授 : 任維廉

2 Outline Basic Assumptions of Science Observation and Inference ： Facts and Constructs Conceptual Models in Science Inductive and Deductive Thinking, Models and Theories in Science A Model of the Research Process Phase of Research Levels of constraint

3 Basic Assumptions of Science A true, physical universe does exist While there is randomness and thus unpredictability in the universe, it is primary an orderly system This real and orderly universe is knowable through human intelligence,particularly through scientific research Our knowledge of the universe is incomplete because new knowledge can alter current All knowledge is tentative

4 Observation and Inference ： Facts and Constructs Fact Events that can be directly, empirically observed Observation The empirical process of using our senses to recognize and to note factual events Inference An intellectual process in which conclusion are derived from observed facts or from other ideas Construct Nonobservable inferred events be constructed rational ideas by the researcher

5 Conceptual Models in Science (1) Construct is inferred from observed behavior and used as a basis for predicting some new behavior Model are constructed representations of parts of the real universe Model is incomplete, tentative, and analogical Model only represents reality, not duplicate it

6 Conceptual Models in Science (2) Model provide a convenient, and compact representation of the larger, complex, and mostly unknown reality

7 Inductive and Deductive Thinking, Models and Theories in Science Inductive VS Deductive Four types of theories Inductive theory Deductive theory Functional theory Model

8 A Model of the Research Process Phase of research From original ideas to final communication Levels of constraint The degree to which researcher imposes limits or controls on any part of the research process

9 A Model of the Research Process - Phase of research (1) Idea-generating phase Identify a topic of interest to study Problem-definition phase Refine the ideas into a precise question to be studied Procedures design phase Decide on the procedures to be used in the gathering of the data Observation phase Collect your observations from the subjects

10 A Model of the Research Process - Phase of research (2) Data-analysis phase Analyze the data using appropriate statistical procedures Interpretation phase Compare your results with the results predicted on the basis of your theory Communication phase Prepare a written or oral report for publication or presentation

11 A Model of the Research Process - Levels of constraint (1) Naturalistic Observation The observation of subjects in their natural environment C ase- St u dy M e thod of Observation Moving the subject into a limiting environment, intervening to a slight degree and observing the responses

12 A Model of the Research Process - Levels of constraint (2) Correlational Research Quantifying the degree of relationship between two variables Differential Research Two or more preexisting groups of subjects are compared Experimental Research The subjects are randomly assigned without bias to the groups or conditions in the study

13 Summary The inductive-deductive process The two-dimensional model Research is a process of inquiry in which the researcher carefully pose a question and proceeds systematically to gather, analyze, interpret, and communicate the information necessary to answer the question

14 Q & A

15 評論 (1) 老師講評 : - 右圖的模型無法解釋實 際現象，所以他得的 不是科學獎，而是藝 術獎 - 科學研究應包含實證觀 察與抽象推理

16 評論 (2) Q: 圖 2.1 要怎麼用 ? A: 通常是 procedures design 階段決定你的研究 方式，再訂定限制的程度，之後再決定後面的 研究階段要如何進行

17 評論 (3) Q: Functional theory 怎麼整合 Inductive theory 和 Deductive theory? A: 研究家用歸納推論發展出一個一般化的構念， 再利用這些構念進行演繹推論或預測未知的事 物

18 評論 (4) Q: Experimental Research 為什麼要 without bias ? A: 因為有 bias 就不是隨機分配，就變成 Differential Research

19 評論 (5) Q: 模型為什麼可以當做一種理論 ? A: 模型是用來模擬實際的狀態，用來整理現有 的資訊，這部份跟之前提到的理論一樣，不過 模型通常無法用來完整預測新的觀察結果或現 象，所以發展性會低於之前提到的其他理論, 因 此稱它為小理論