Objectives Membuat peta konsep sistem koordinasi manusia Mengidentifikasi komponen yang terlibat dalam sistem koordinasi manusia Menggambar struktur alat indera Menguji kerja alat indera Menghubungkan fungsi sistem syaraf dan alat indra Menjelaskan mekanisme pengaturan homeostasis

To make a concept map of human coordination system To identify component that involve in human coordination system To draw structure of sensoric organ To test how does the sense organ work To connect function nerve system with sensoric organ To explain mechanism of homeostatic

Interaction of Glands The hypothalamus is located in the brain and controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. It is an important link between the endocrine and nervous systems. cts/Hypothalamus.gif

Main Function: This communication system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. Our nervous system allows us to feel pain.

Basic nerve cell structure

3 main types of nerve cells sensory neurone relay neurone motor neurone

Sensory neurons Carries impulses from receptors e.g pain receptors in skin to the CNS( brain or spinal cord)

Relay neuron Carries impulses from sensory nerves to motor nerves.

Motor neuron Carries impulses from CNS to effector e.g. muscle to bring about movement or gland to bring about secretion of hormone e.g ADH

Transmission of signals

The Synapse parkinsons parkinson

Consists of: brain, spinal cord, nerves and sense organs Sense Organs: Eyes, Skin, Ears, Nose & Tongue

A nerve is an organ containing a bundle of nerve cells called neurons. Neurons carry electrical messages called impulses throughout the body. Picture shows hundreds of severed neuron axons

cell body muscle tissue TYPICAL MOTOR NEURON Axon dendrite synapse cell body

Because neurons never touch, chemical signalers called neurotransmitters must travel through the space called synapse between two neurons. Neurotransmitters Synapse (gap) The message is transferred when RECEPTORS receive neurotrans- mitters. (pink spheres)

Parts of a Neuron 1.Cell body: contains nucleus & most of the cytoplasm 2.Dendrites: projections that bring impulses into the neuron to the cell body. 3.Axon: long projection that carries impulses away from cell body 1 3 2

Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Muscle Contracts Synapse

Sensory Neuron carry impulses from sense organs to spinal cord & brain Fun Fact: Where can the largest cells in the world be found? The giraffe’s sensory and motor neurons! Some must bring impulses from the bottom of their legs to their spinal cord several meters away!!

Interneuron -processes impulses in brain and spinal cord - connect sensory and motor neurons

Motor Motor Neurons carry impulses from the brain & spinal cord to muscles & glands Axon End Axons branching out to muscle fibers

Nerves work together with muscles for movement. An impulse begins when one neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the sense organs. The impulse travels down the axons of Sensory neurons to the brain cells called Interneurons. The brain will then send an impulse through motor neurons to the necessary muscle or organs, telling it to contract.

A reflex is an involuntary response that is processed in the spinal cord not the brain. Reflexes protect the body before the brain knows what is going on. Reflex Arc

brain Spinal Cord Cerebellum Cerebrum Medulla Oblongata Consists of: Brain and Spinal Cord

CerebrumVoluntary or conscious activities of the body-learning, judgment CerebellumCoordinates and balances the actions of the muscles Medulla Oblongata (Brain Stem) Controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and swallowing Spinal Cord The main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body

Consists of: Sensory division and Motor division -includes all sensory neurons, motor neurons, and sense organs

Segmental Spinal nerve (more in Nervous System II)

Autonomic “Targets” All have dual sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation (more in N.S.II)

* The Central Nervous System controls all of the body’s activities. * The Central Nervous System is made of two main organs. 1. The brain 2. The spinal cord

* The spinal cord sends messages to the brain. * The spinal cord is the part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system.

* The brain controls everything in the body. * The brain is made of more than 10 billion nerves! * The brain is divided into three parts and is protected by the skull.

* The Brain has three main parts… 1. The Cerebrum 2. The Cerebellum 3. The Brain Stem

* The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. 1. The cerebrum controls your thinking. 2. The cerebrum controls your memory. 3. The cerebrum controls your speaking. 4. The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs.

* The cerebellum is below and to the back of the cerebrum. 1. The cerebellum controls you balance. 2. The cerebellum controls your posture.

* The Brain Stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. * The nerves in the brain stem control your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

* The vertebrae are the many bones that protect the nerves in the spinal cord.

* The outer nervous system is made of the nerves and the sense organs. Ear Eye Skin Nerves Tongue

* An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about it. * A reflex happens quickly in less than a second.

* The outer nervous system controls the body’s activities that you don’t think about. * The outer nervous system controls activities in your small intestine, your breathing, and your heartbeat. controls

Sense organs carry messages about the environment to the central nervous system.

The eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin are examples of sense organs. The sense organs gather information (light, sound, heat, and pressure) from the environment.

The environment is everything outside the body. The sense organs gather information from outside the body, then send the messages to the brain.

Vision is your ability to see. Vision involves the eye and the brain.

The eye is one of your sense organs. The eye is made of the iris and the pupil. The eye gathers pictures and sends them to the brain.

The colored part of the eye is the iris. The black part of the eye is the pupil. The pupil becomes larger and smaller as it controls the light coming into the eye. Iris Pupil

When a sound is made, the air around the sound vibrates. Hearing starts when some of the sound waves go into the ear.

There are nine main parts of the ear. 1. Pinna 2. Ear canal 3. Ear drum 5. Anvil 6. Stirrup 7. Cochlea 4. Hammer8. Eustachian tube 9. Auditory nerve

The ear canal is the tube between the outside of the ear and the ear drum. The ear drum is in the middle ear. It vibrates when sound waves hit it. The pinna is the part of the ear that you can see.

The three smallest bones in the body, the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup, are in the middle ear. The hammer gets the vibrations from the eardrum, then sends them to the anvil. The anvil passes the vibrations to the stirrup. The stirrup passes the vibrations to the inner ear.

The inner ear is made of the cochlea and liquid. The cochlea is in the inner ear. The cochlea looks like a shell. The Eustachian tube controls the amount of pressure in the ear. The auditory nerve carries the hearing information to the brain and the brain tells us what we heard.

The ear works with the brain to control your balance. All of your movements are controlled by balance and muscles. The liquid in your inner ear is responsible for your balance. The liquid in your ear moves when we move. The liquid movement sends information to the brain to tell it how we are moving.

The sense of touch is located in the skin. The nerves in the skin allow us to feel texture, pressure, heat, cold, and pain. Texture is how something feels.

The nose controls your sense of smell. The nose is able to smell 80 different kinds of smells.

Your sense of taste comes from the taste buds in the tongue. Taste buds are the parts on the tongue that allow us to taste. The four kinds of taste buds are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.

Tastes and smells work together to make flavors. Flavors are the tastes of food and drinks.