Personal, Social, and Emotional Development

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Developmental crisis Eight stages

Erikson’s Stages: Preschool Years Trust/Mistrust Autonomy/Shame & Doubt Initiative/ Guilt

Elementary School Years & Adolescence Industry/Inferiority Identity/ Role Confusion

Implications of Erikson’s Theory for Teachers Initiative Industry Identity

Identity Status Commitment Exploration Yes No Achievement Moratorium Foreclosure Diffusion

Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being Identity achieved or still exploring Positive outcomes Foreclosed individuals Dogmatic, inflexible, and intolerant Long-term diffused Fatalistic, passive, likely to use and abuse drugs

Phinney’s Model of Ethnic Identity Development Stage 1 Unexamined ethnic identity Stage 2 Ethnic identity search Stage 3 Ethnic identity achievement

Bicultural Individuals Achieved identity Higher self-esteem Greater sense of mastery Positive relations with other groups

Understanding Ourselves & Others

Who are you?

Clarifying the Difference Self-concept A person’s view of herself or himself. Self-esteem A person’s evaluation of herself or himself.

Changes in Self-Concept Childhood Concrete terms, related to traits Adolescence Trait-focused, more abstract, personality characteristics

Changes in Self-Esteem 1st years of elementary school drops 4th- 6th grade rises Transition to adolescence mixed findings

Self-Concept & Self-Esteem Link with achievement Gender and self-esteem Personal & collective self-esteem

Levels of Moral Development Postconventional abstract principles and values Conventional laws and rules of society Preconventional consequences of behavior

Preconventional Reasoning Externally controlled 1: Avoid punishment 2: Personal gain

Conventional Reasoning Conformity to social rules 3: Good boy/Nice girl 4: Law & order

Postconventional Reasoning Morality is defined by abstract principles 5: Social contract 6: Universal ethical principles

Alternatives to Kohlberg Criticism Stage approach Moral issues versus social conventions Western male cultural bias Morality of Caring (Carol Gilligan)

Aggression Hostile Aggression goal is to harm Instrumental Aggression goal is to gain access

Gender Differences in Aggression Overt aggression physical and verbal insults Relational aggression covert aggression

Developmental Trends in Aggression Preschool Physical & instrumental Middle childhood Decline in physical & instrumental Increase in hostile Adolescence Aggression continues to decline

Family Changes in family Divorce rate Single parent households Dual-earner families

Consequences of Divorce Transition is stressful lots of changes Negative effects in short run Academic achievement Social development

Long-Term Consequences of Divorce 70-80% no long-term effects Serious adjustment difficulties more likely for Boys Difficult temperaments

Peers Gender differences Rejected children Friends’ influence/ peer pressure