Human Resource  Human capital is accumulated knowledge, skills and attitude of the working population. It also encompasses the physical, mental and social health of a nation  According to Gareth Rees, Education, health and training are often wrongly regarded as part of a country’s social welfare, rather than a economic issue with implications for growth and development.

Human Resource  Countries which neglect human investment are unlikely to develop as rapidly as they otherwise they could.  Some development economist raise question: what is development for, if it is not aimed at improving the human conditions?

Human Resource  Education and health are central to the boarder notion of Development  They are also vital component of growth and development  Health and education of ultimate objective of Development  Education helps develops countries to develop and absorb modern technology.  It develops the capacity for self sustaining growth and development.

Human Resource  Impact:  In of every 1000 children in developing country died before reaching the firth birth day.  By 2000 that number fallen to 126 per 1000 in low income countries and 39 per 1000 in middle income countries

Human Resource  Reason:  Due to the development in medical sciences, some important killer have been developed and have eradicated lethal diseases.  Small pox used to ill more than 5 million people every year but now virus no more exists to kill people  Other diseases such as Rubella, Polio, cholera and etc have been eliminated with the development of medical sciences

Human Resource  Health education as important as distribution of income  But due to uneven distribution of Health and Education, the expectancy and child mortality remain ten times higher in developing countries than rich countries.  According to data, if child death rate, falls to those of prevailing in rich countries, the lives of 10 million people could be saved.  While in Europe Children spend 12 years in School but in South Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa children spend less than 4 years.

Human Resource  Greater health capital may raise the return on investment in education because: 1. Health is important factor in school attendance. 2. Healthier children are more successful in school/learn more efficiently. 3. Tragic deaths of schools age children also increase the cost of education per worker, while longer life spans raise the return to investment in education 4. Healthier individuals are more able to productively use education at any point in life.

Human Resource  Greater education capital may raise the return to investment in health because:  Many health programs rely on skills learned in school (including literacy and numeracy)  Schools teach basic personal hygiene and sanitation  Education is needed for formation and training of health personnel

Human Resource  Income of elasticity demand.  Microenterprises has been of the most popular poverty alleviation strategies.  Howrath Bouis fond that intake of vitamin A & C was not linked to income increase in Philippines. He urged that consumer education was important.  Some studies have found considerable evidence that the better the education of the mother, the better the health of her children.

Human Resource  Paul Glewwe found in his analysis of date from Morocco that a mother’s basic health knowledge had positive effect on her children’s health.  According him, formal education directly teaches health knowledge to future mothers; literacy and numeracy skills acquired in school assist future mothers in diagnosing and teaching child health problems and exposure to modern society from formal schooling makes women more receptive to modern medical treatment.

Human Resource Porfessor Glewwe concludes “Mother’s health knowledge alone appears to be the crucial skill for raising child health…”  Prof. Thomas Strauss in his study highlighted the role of media but urged that education is important to understand the information media disseminates.

Human Resource  Benefits of investing in health and education  Winston Churchill had said “There is no finer investment than putting milk in babies”  Educated person provides benefits to people around him/her such as reading for them or coming up with innovations that benefits the community.

Human Resource  To achieve all these goals, according to WHO report 2000  “Ultimate responsibility for the performance of country health system lies with government.

Human Resource  Investing in health and education : Human Capital Approach.  Human capital is the term economists often use for education, health and other human capacities that can raise productivity.  It contributes directtly toward human welfare.

Human Resource  Child labor  It is widespread problem in developing countries  It disrupts education of children  It undermines their health  Due to child labour physical stunting among child laborers is common.  According ILO, 120 million children between the age of 5 and 14 are working full time in developing countries.  130 million working half time.  61% or nearly 153 million live in Asia  32% or 82 million live in Africa.  7% or 17 million live in Latin America.  Comparative to Asia and Latin America, Africa has highest rate of child labour.  According HRCP estimated 11 to 12 million children, half of whom are under 10 working as indentured servants.

Human Resource  Theories of child labour  They have special productive abilities.  They have small finger, so they are productive, for working in rug industry.

Human Resource  There are four approaches to child labour 1. The first recognizes child labour as an expression poverty and recommends an emphasis on eliminating poverty rather than directly addressing child labour. This approach is supported by World Bank and it tries to eliminate poverty. 2. The second approach emphasizes strategies to get more children into school, including expanded school places, such a new village schools and especially incentives to induce parents to send their children to schools.

Human Resource 3. The third approach considers child labour inevitable, at least in the short run and stresses palliative measures such as regulating it to prevent abuses and to provide support service for working children. It urges strict law enforcement against illegal child labour traffking, providing support to services for parents and for children working on the streets. 4. The fourth approach, mostly affiliated with ILO, favors banning child labour.  In this regard, “Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention” was adopted in It covered “all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and traffking of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, child prostitutions and pornography, other illicit activities such as drugs trafficking and work which is likely to harm the health, safety or moral of children”.

Human Resource Some of the activist in the developed countries have suggested the imposition of trade and economic sanction against the coutry that permits child labour, or banning the goods on which children work.

Human Resource  Gender Gap: Women and education  Why women education is important  The rate of return on women ‘s education is higher than that on men’s in most of the developing country.  Increasing women’s education not only increases their productivity on the farm and in the factory but also results in greater labour force participation. Later marriage, lower fertility and greatly improved child health and nutrition.  Improved child health and nutrition and more educated mothers lead to multiplier effects on the quality of nations’ human resources for many generations to come.

Human Resource  Consequences of gender bias in Helath and Education.  Education of girls is seen to be one of the cost-effective means for improving local health standards.

Human Resource  Education, inequality and poverty.  There is apparent difference in the salaries of highly education and less educated people.  Students from affluent families quickly complete education than poor families.  Opportunity cost of labour to poor families education prevents poor families to send their children to schools  In egalitarian Nature of educational system in many developing countries.  Education, internal migration and the brain drain.  Health and Productivity.  Diseases.

Human Resource  Conclusion

Human Resource