1. STABILIZING WORLD POPULATION
THE HUMAN POPULATION
STABILIZING WORLD POPULATION

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Relate total fertility rates to each of the following: cultural values, social & economic status of women, availability of family planning services, and government policies
Explain the link between education and total fertility rates
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3. WHAT FACTORS AFFECT FERTILITY RATE?
human population has extended to almost all habitable areas on Earth
unlikely death rate will increase substantially in the foreseeable future
only way for population to stabilize is if birth rates drop
factors that influence total fertility rate (TFR): cultural traditions, women’s social & economic status, family planning, & government policies
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4. CULTURE & FERTILITY culture – values & norms of society
society’s culture: language, beliefs, spirituality
 influences individuals behavior
gender roles – different societies have different gender expectations
couples are expected to have # of children traditional to their society
many cultures support high TFRs, especially in developing countries
culture - what’s considered right & important & what is expected of a person
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5. CULTURE & FERTILITY
motivation: high infant & child mortality rates; TFR must be high to compensate
world infant & child mortality rates decreasing but still imbedded in cultures to maintain high TFRs
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6. CULTURE & FERTILITY
motivation: important economic & societal roles of children
work in family enterprises such as farming, or commerce, contributing to family’s livelihood
2008: ~176 million children (5-14 yo) worked full time (14.5% of child population in world)
child laborers exposed to dangerous, unhealthy conditions  chronic health problems
don’t receive education
Source: International Labor Organization
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7. CULTURE & FERTILITY developing countries: child labor happens more
developed countries: children have < value as labor source
attend school
< human labor needed in industrial society
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8. Highly Developed Countries
Children have less value as a source of labor so children are able to attend school
Highly developed countries provide social services for the elderly, decreasing reliance on offspring to care for aging parents
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9. CULTURE & FERTILITY
motivation: many cultures place a higher value on male children than on female children
 social pressure to have male children
 high TFR
motivation: religious values, ethnic groups, & residence
Studies done in U.S. show differences in TFR among Catholics (highest), Protestants, Jews, & no religious affiliation (lowest)
Source: International Labor Organization
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10. THE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN
gender inequality exists in varying degrees in most societies: women don’t have the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men
women lower political, social & economic status
not guaranteed = legal rights, education, employment & earnings, or political participation
~90 million girls aren’t given opportunity to receive a primary education
marriage usually only way to achieve social influence & economic growth
women don’t have the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men
women have lower lower political, social, economic, & health status than men
More women live in poverty, particularly in developing countries
Women not guaranteed equality in legal rights, education, employment & earnings, or political participation.
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11. THE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN
single most important factor affecting high TFRs: low status of women in many societies
effective strategy for reducing population growth then is to improve social & economic status of women
marriage age & reproduction
vs. education
women don’t have the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men
women have lower lower political, social, economic, & health status than men
More women live in poverty, particularly in developing countries
Women not guaranteed equality in legal rights, education, employment & earnings, or political participation.
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18. THE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC STATUS OF WOMEN
women with more education tend to marry later & have fewer children
more opportunities & ways to achieve status
know how control fertility
improve health of families  decreased infant & child mortality
smaller family size associated with increased family income
progress has been made to increase literacy & narrow gender gap \
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19. FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES
availability of health & family planning services & contraceptives reduces TFR
educate people about
basic maternal & child health care
reproductive physiology & contraceptives
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21. GOVERNMENT POLICIES & FERTILITY
laws establishing minimum age people can marry 0r amount of education required
governments may a lot part of their budgets to family planning services, education, health-care, old age security, or incentives for smaller or larger family sizes
tax structure – additional charges or allowances based on family size also influences fertility
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22. GOVERNMENT POLICIES & FERTILITY
governments of developing countries taking measures to limit population growth – sponsor family planning projects which are integrated with health care, education, economic development, & efforts to improve women’s status
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23. QUESTIONS TO COMPLETE
p. 164 #2
p. 167 #1-3
p. 174 #1-2
p. 180 #1-2
p. 185 #1-2
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