Figure 14.1 Local School District Governance District Administrators Teachers Parents Community School Board Superintendent Principal Local SchoolParentsTeachers Community T-143 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Figure 14.2 Race and Gender of School Administrators Source: Data from “The Changing Face of Education,” by K. Vail, 2001, American School Board Journal, 188(12), pp Reprinted with permission from Education Vital Signs Copyright 2001 National School Boards Association. All rights reserved. T-144 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Figure 14.3 Race and Gender of School Boards Source: Data from “The Changing Face of Education,” by K. Vail, 2001, American School Board Journal, 188(12), pp Reprinted with permission from Education Vital Signs Copyright 2001 National School Boards Association. All rights reserved. T-145 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Figure 14.4 State Governance of Schools State Legislature Laws and regulations regarding state board and department of education Laws and regulations on education State education budgets State Courts Interprets laws State Board of Education General oversight of state education issues Governor’s Office Budget plans Lobby legislation State Department of Education (Chief state school officer is head administrator) School accreditation Certify teachers and administrators Distribute state and federal money for education Local School Districts T-146 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Figure 14.5 Key Staff, Texas Department of Education Key Staff, Texas Department of Education Commissioner of Education (Chief State School Officer) Deputy Commissioner for Initiative and Administration Assistant Commissioner, Statewide Initiatives Assistant Commissioner, Governmental Relations Managing Director, Charter Schools Chief of Operations Managing Director, Fiscal Management Deputy Commissioner for Finance and Accountability Associate Commissioner, Quality, Compliance, and Accountability Reviews Associate Commissioner, Finance and Support Systems Managing Director, Information Systems Associate Commissioner, Accountability Reporting and Research T-147 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice (continued)

Figure 14.5 Key Staff, Texas Department of Education (continued) Deputy Commissioner for Programs and Instruction Associate Commissioner, Curriculum, Assessment, & Technology Managing Director, Curriculum and Professional Development Associate Commissioner, Continuing Education and School Improvement Managing Director, Continuing Education Associate Commissioner, Special Populations Source: Retrieved November 8, 2001, from T-148 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Figure 14.6 State Budget (Percent) Allocated to Education Source: Data from “State of the States: A Statistical Portrait of U.S. Schools,” 2001, American School Board Journal, 188(12), pp Reprinted with permission from Education Vital Signs Copyright 2001 National School Boards Association. All rights reserved N/A U.S. Average: 22.5% 19.5 T-149 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Figure 14.7 Federal Government Involvement in Education U.S. Congress Laws related to education Budgets for education issues Federal Courts Interpreting laws Presidency Lobbying Congress Educational attitudes U.S. Department of Education National leadership for education Clearinghouse for educational innovation Ensuring nondiscrimination for use of federal funds Department of Health and Human Services Head Start Department of Agriculture School lunch program School breakfast program State Educational Efforts T-150 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 14.1 Other Groups Shaping Educational Policies GroupDescription BusinessThe need for highly skilled workers entering the workforce has led to increased numbers of business/education partnerships. Special interest groups These organizations have an interest in education and work to influence its direction both locally and nationally. College and university faculty College and university faculty associated with teacher education programs shape the profession through their role in the preparation of future teachers. Professional education associations Professional education associations lobby for better schooling and also help identify best practices for the profession. T-151 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 14.2 Financial Support for K-12 Education School YearFederal (%)State (%)Local (%) Source: From Digest of Education Statistics, by National Center for Education Statistics, 2000, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. T-152 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Figure 14.8 State Per-Pupil Funding for Education* Source: Data from “State of the States: A Statistical Portrait of U.S. Schools,” 2001, American School Board Journal, 188(12), pp Reprinted with permission from Education Vital Signs Copyright 2001 National School Boards Association. All rights reserved , , U.S. Average: *Estimate for T-153 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice

Table 14.3 Recent Funding Options OptionDescription Schools for profit Private enterprise takes over failing schools in a last-ditch effort to improve teaching and learning. School district foundations School districts are creating nonprofit foundations to receive gifts from individuals and corporations. Booster clubs Parents and interested community members create a club to provide assistance to a single school and focus their energy and fund-raising efforts on a specific aspect of school activity. User feesCertain services such as driver education programs, swimming instruction, certain types of school supplies, participation in athletics, and bus use are being paid for in some schools through fees charged to those using the services. Leasing facilities and services Some schools are leasing unused facilities to community organizations or local businesses to generate revenue. Advertising on school property Some schools are allowing advertising on school buses, on homework handouts, and on educational television programming broadcast in the schools as a method of fund-raising. T-154 Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Henniger The Teaching Experience: An Introduction to Reflective Practice