1. Chapter 13 Governance and Financing of Elementary and Secondary SchoolsBy
Delis Corke
EDU 505
10/30/13

2. Focus
Role of the state and local school boards and superintendents of education
Impact of site-based management
Charter Schools
Three public policy goals of school financing sources
The major local, state, and federal revenue sources
Role of private education in U.S.
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

3. Organization for Education
Education in the American system is operated through the 50 separated state educational agencies
Instruction is provide by more than 14,000 school districts, 90,000 schools staffed by 3 million teachers. (NEA, 2007)
Policies are set by governors, state legislators, state board of education and local board of education.
Elementary and secondary education is the largest item in the budget of many state and local governments
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

4. Organization for Education
Funding comes from local (43.5%), state (47.6%) and federal sources (8.9%)
Most of the money comes from state and local taxes.
Federal funding is used for special programs or conditions such as mandated under the NCLB Act of 2001.
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

5. Education at the Local Level
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

6. Education at the Local Level
Public Education is highly decentralized
States make provisions for the creation of local districts
Districts are responsible for operation of schools
Virgin Island has two districts
St. Thomas-St. John
St. Croix
Primary functions of School Districts are to:
adopt policies and regulations
adopt curriculum for the schools
serve as links between community patrons and the schools
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

7. Education at the Local Level
Primary functions of School Districts Continued:
provide reports about the schools
provide human and material resources
take necessary steps to provide adequate facilities for instructions
provide the state department of education and agencies with required information
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

8. School Boards
The governing body for the operation of a school district
States statutes provide for the selection of lay citizens to serve on school boards
School boards represents all people
Members are chosen as stewards of public trust
Either elected or nominated
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

9. Superintendent of Schools
Some responsibilities include planning staffing coordinating, budgeting ,administering ,evaluating, and reporting
Primary responsibility is to work with the school board and the School district staff to improve educational programs in the district
Responsible for the day to day running of the schools
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

10. Building Principal
Responsible for the success or failure of education programs
Implementations of the school district’s regulations and policies
Lead staff in the vision and climate of the school
Responsible for the induction and growth of staff
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

11. Site-Based Management
Site-based management is the shifting of decision making from central administration to site-based council made up of parents and teachers
Smallest management unit of the school district
Most critical unit in the education delivery system
promoted as a way to increase teacher moral
improve the management of schools
raise students performance
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

12. Charter Schools
Most recent development of organizational public schools
Movement began in the 1990s to provide the parent and students with a choice between traditional public schools and alternative public schools
They are run by parents or other people holding the school’s charter
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

13. Charter Schools
As of school year, 42 states and the District of Columbia have enacted charter school laws. (The National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, 2013 )
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

14. Reasons for Growth in the Charter School Movement
Student and/or parent exercising choice
Public school staff seeking exemption
Community interest in special schools to provide support for programs
School patrons seeking relief from regulations
The conversion of financially troubled schools
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

15. Education at the State Level
The NCLB Act widened the role of the state government
By 2014 the states are responsible under NCLB to meet the goal of all children achieving “proficient”
Structure of State-level Education System
State Board of Education
Policy making body
State Department of Education
State administrative agency
Chief State School Officer
Can be referred to as Superintendent of public instruction or the Commissioner of Education
May be elected of nominated
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

16. Federal Government and Public Education
As in chapter 6 and 11, no mention was made about education in the constitution- some states had already made provisions for education
Role:
The major portion of federal funds provides for services for special population
Education statistics and research
Research and demonstrative projects
Student performance and assessment
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

17. Financing of Education
State legislatures establish structure for financing public and secondary education
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

18. Three Public Policy Goals in State Finance
Equity-
Equal treatment of persons in equal circumstances
Funds provided should allow for equal opportunity for an education
Adequacy-
The extent to which educational funding is sufficient to provide the programs and services needed by all students
Choice-
Used to refer to two goals
local control of funding decisions
parents being able to choose the school their child will attend
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

19. State School Finance Program
Schools receive funding through tax revenues and grants
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

20. State Source of Revenue
Sales tax
Person income tax
Property tax varies among states
Lottery profits
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

21. Federal Source of Revenue
Federal Income Tax
Rely on the whole nation as the tax paying base
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

22. Federal Aid for Elementary and Secondary Schools
The NCLB Act of 2001, in absence of constitutional rights from the federal government, has become the base of the federal education program
Title 1 and the Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) maintained for over 40 years
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

23. Private Education alternative to public education
In 1924, Pierce v. Society of Sisters, the US Supreme Court recognized the rights of parents to educate their children in private schools.
Different forms of private schools including homeschooling.
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

24. Conclusion
The Education System in the US and VI is govern by a basic structure.
The state government plays an important role in the way the schools are overseen and financed.
The Federal Government under the No Child Left Behind Act is assuming more active roles.
Funding has not really increased.
There is more accountability
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)

25. References
The National Alliance for Public Charter Schools. (2013). Retrieved from The National Alliance for Public Charter Schools website: Webb, L. D., Metha, A., & Jordan, K. F. (2010). Foundations of American Education (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Merrill.
(Webb, Metha, & Jordan, 2010)