Bacterial Meningitis Brie Noble

What is Meningitis? Infection of the Meninges (membranes around the brain and spinal cord) It can be caused by bacteria, fungi or a virus Bacterial Meningitis is the most common, accounting for nearly “80% of all cases are acute bacterial meningitis” People with viral meningitis are much less likely to have permanent brain damage after the infection resolves

3 “Main Types” Meningococcal disease (Neisseria meningitidis) reside in the throats and nasal passages of approximately 10 percent of the general population Pneumococcal disease (Streptococcus pneumoniae) Can cause meningitis and blood infection Can cause otitis media (middle ear infection) Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) disease primarily attacks the very young nearly eradicated in the U.S. since infant vaccination programs in 1980’s Age Group Causes Newborns Group B Streptococcus Escherichia coli Listeria monocytogenes Infants and Children Streptococcus pneumonia Neisseria meningitides Haemophilus influenzae type b Adolescents and Young Adults Streptococcus pneumoniae Older Adults Listeria monocytogenes (eating contaminated food) http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html

Who is most affected? Children Adults who abuse alcohol Chronic nose and ear infections Pregnant women Corticosteroids Brain or spinal surgery Blood Infections Immunocompromised Living in close contact living situations Travelers to the “meningitis belt” or those travelling to Mecca on Hajj and Umrah pilgrimage

http://www. drugfree. org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/alcohol1-300x267 http://www.drugfree.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/alcohol1-300x267.jpg http://africanwomennetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/pregnant-woman.jpg http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/661/overrides/neurosurgery-for-bears_66160_600x450.jpg http://housing.unca.edu/sites/housing.unca.edu/files/images/dorm2.jpg http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt02-epi.html

http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/estimates/pneumo_hib/Hib_deaths_map.JPG?ua=1

6 June 2013 - From 1 January to 12 May 2013 (epidemiologic week 19) 9,249 suspected cases of meningitis 857 deaths Case fatality ratio of 9.3 percent Reported from 18 of the 19 African countries under enhanced surveillance for meningitis Meningococcal disease: 2013 epidemic season in the African Meningitis Belt http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_06_06_me nin/en/ http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt02-epi.html

http://media3. s-nbcnews http://media3.s-nbcnews.com/i/msnbc/Components/Art/HEALTH/050526/Chart_Meningitis1.gif

Symptoms http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2993q/nm.htm http://www.corbyccg.nhs.uk/modules_site_specific/guide/printablePages/meningitis.html http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2993q/nm.htm

Diagnosis Blood, urine and mucous samples from the nose and throat http://www.uspharmacist.com/continuing_education/ceviewtest/lessonid/108112/ Diagnosis Blood, urine and mucous samples from the nose and throat Physical exam looking for: Purple or red rash on the skin Stiffness in the neck Hip and Knee Flexion A spinal tap will be ordered to determine if it is fungal, viral or bacterial A spinal tap is also called a lumbar puncture a hollow needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space (canal in that carries cerebrospinal fluid) in the lower back region of the spinal column

Treatment

Prognosis Mortality rate for meningitis of all causes: between 4% -14% Mortality rates for meningococcal meningitis: 4% - 8% in children and up to 7% in adults Mortality rate for GBS meningitis: 7% - 27% in neonates and up to 30% in adults Complications/other effects: Neurologic sequelae in up to 50% of pneumococcal meningitis survivors Hearing loss is present in up to 30% of pneumococcal meningitis survivors and 1% - 8% of meningococcal meningitis survivors Long-term sequelae: present in up to 30% of children Among those who survive, approximately 20% suffer long-term consequences

http://www. dailymail. co http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2547055/New-meningitis-vaccine-NHS-says-children-Meningitis-B-kills-hours-cost-survivors-limbs-So-arent-families-spared-heartbreak.html http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Memory_Loss-3.jpg http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/xpVu-quhUCM/maxresdefault.jpg http://manuprem.com/images/sideld.jpg http://theaslproject.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/deaf-sign-language.jpg http://www.timeslive.co.za/incoming/2013/05/05/epilepsy.jpg/ALTERNATES/crop_630x400/epilepsy.jpg http://www.dramming.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/blind.jpg http://forward.com/workspace/assets/images/articles/story-philologos-090711.jpg

Prevention VACCINATIONS for Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Not smoking and avoiding cigarette smoke http://www.houstontx.gov/health/Environmental/No_smoking_sign.jpg http://www.who.int/features/2010/meningitis_vaccine/meningitis_vaccine_05.jpg

http://www. nature. com/nrmicro/journal/v 10/n3/images/nrmicro2713-f2 http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v 10/n3/images/nrmicro2713-f2.jpg

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Works Cited http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/neurological/lum bar_puncture_lp_92,P07666/ http://www.uspharmacist.com/continuing_education/ceviewtest/lessonid/108112 / (tables) http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_06_06_menin/en/ http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/lab-manual/chpt02-epi.html http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/meningitis/hic_bacterial_meningitis.aspx Criss, A. K., & Seifert, H. S. (2012). A bacterial siren song: intimate interactions between Neisseria and neutrophils. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 10(3), 178+. Jarvis, G.A., & Vedros, N.A. (1987). Sialic Acid of Group B Neisseria meningitides Regulates Alternative Complement Pathway Activation. Infection and Immunity. 174-180. Massari, P., King, C.A., Ho, A.Y., & Wetzler, L.M. (2002). Neisserial PorB is translocated to the mitochondria of HeLa cells infected with Neisseria meningitides and protects cells from apoptosis. Cellular Microbiology, 5(2), 99-109.