Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION CH. 1A
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: Study of the structure/parts Physiology: The study of function at many levels
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Principle of Complementarity Anatomy and physiology are inseparable. Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Levels of Structural Organization Chemical: atoms and molecules Cellular: cells and their organelles Tissue: groups of similar cells Organ: contains two or more types of tissues Organ system: organs that work closely together Organismal: all organ systems
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular system Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Heart Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Figure 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nails Skin Hair Integumentary System – protection, maintains boundaries
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones Joint Skeletal System – Movement, Protects and supports body organs, Attachment site for muscles, Mineral storage, Blood cell formation
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Skeletal muscles Muscular System- Locomotion, facial expression,Maintains posture, Produces heat.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain Nerves Spinal cord Nervous System- F ast-acting control system of the body; Responds to internal & external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary Endocrine System- Glands secrete hormones that regulate various processes
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular System - System of b lood vessels used to transport blood, and all substances in it ( oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.) Heart Blood vessels
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lymphatic vessels Red bone marrow Thoracic duct Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes (Lymphatic System- involved in Immunity; Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood stream
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal cavity Bronchus Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Respiratory System- Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Liver Oral cavity Esophagus Large intestine Stomach Small intestine Rectum Anus Digestive System - Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Urinary System - Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Prostate gland Ductus deferens Penis Testis Scrotum Ovary Uterine tube Mammary glands (in breasts) Uterus Vagina Overall function is production of offspring. Male Reproductive System (Female Reproductive System
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3 Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Food O2O2 CO 2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Interstitial fluid Nutrients Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Blood Heart Feces Urine CO 2 O2O2
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Survival Needs 1.Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins 2.Oxygen Essential for energy release (ATP production)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Survival Needs 3.Water Most abundant chemical in the body Site of chemical reactions 4.Normal body temperature Affects rate of chemical reactions 5.Appropriate atmospheric pressure For adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Homeostasis Definition: Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes A dynamic state of equilibrium
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism 1.Receptor (sensor) Monitors the environment Senses stimuli 2.Control center Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained Receives input from receptor Determines appropriate response
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Components of a Control Mechanism 3.Effector Receives output from control center Provides the means to respond Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Stimulus produces change in variable. Receptor detects change. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. ReceptorEffector Control Center BALANCE Afferent pathway Efferent pathway IMBALANCE Figure 1.4
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Negative Feedback The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus Example: Regulation of body temperature
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5 Sweat glands activated Shivering begins Stimulus Body temperature rises BALANCE Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Information sent along the afferent pathway to control center Afferent pathway Afferent pathway Efferent pathway Efferent pathway Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Information sent along the efferent pathway to effectors Stimulus Body temperature falls Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Receptors Temperature-sensitive cells in skin and brain Effectors Sweat glands Effectors Skeletal muscles Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Control Center (thermoregulatory center in brain) Response Evaporation of sweat Body temperature falls; stimulus ends Response Body temperature rises; stimulus ends
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Positive Feedback The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Rare in biological systems Example: Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 1B
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomical Position Standard anatomical body position: Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Terms Regional Terms: designate specific areas/regions of the body.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5 Cervical (a) Anterior/Ventral Pubic Orbital Nasal Oral Thoracic Axillary Sternal Abdominal Umbilical Pelvic Inguinal Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Antecubital Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular Tarsal (ankle) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5 Cervical Back (dorsal) (b) Posterior/Dorsal Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Upper limb Acromial Brachial (arm) Olecranal Digital Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular Calcaneal Plantar Cephalic Occipital (back of head)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Planes and Sections Sagittal plane Divides body vertically into right and left parts Produces a sagittal section Midsagittal (median) plane Lies on midline Parasagittal plane Not on midline
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Planes Frontal (coronal) plane Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts Transverse (horizontal) plane Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts Produces a cross section
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.6 Transverse plane Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal plane Liver Spleen Pancreas Aorta Vertebral column Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Body wall Rectum Intestines Left and right lungs LiverHeart Stomach Spleen Arm (a) Frontal section (through torso) (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) (c) Median section (midsagittal)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities Two Large Cavities: Dorsal cavity Two subdivisions: Cranial cavity Encases brain Vertebral cavity Encases spinal cord
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Body Cavities Ventral cavity Houses internal organs (viscera) Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7 Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Diaphragm Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Thoracic Cavity (a) Lateral view(b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral Body Cavities Thoracic cavity subdivisions: Two pleural cavities Each houses a lung Mediastinum Contains pericardial cavity Also contains the esophagus and aorta Pericardial cavity Encloses heart
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7 Cranial cavity Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Abdomino- pelvic cavity Ventral body cavity Abdominal cavity Diaphragm Pelvic cavity Thoracic cavity (a) Lateral view(b) Anterior view Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Abdominopelvic Regions Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12 Epigastric region Umbilical region Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Hypogastric (pubic) region Right iliac (inguinal) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon of large intestine Small intestine Appendix Cecum Diaphragm Stomach Descending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs