1. The Human Body: An Orientation Ch. 1a

2. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

3. Principle of Complementarity
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable.

4. Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical:
Cellular:
Tissue:
Organ:
Organ system:
Organismal:

5. Cardiovascular system
Organelle
Atoms
Molecule
Smooth muscle cell 2
Cellular level 1
Chemical level
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiovascular system 3
Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells.
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue 4
Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues.
Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. 6 5
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.
Figure 1.1

6. Integumentary System – Maintains boundaries: Cellular Membranes Skin
Hair
Skin
Nails
Integumentary System – Maintains boundaries:
Cellular Membranes
Skin
Figure 1.3a

7. Protects and supports body organs Attachment site for muscles
Bones
Joint
Skeletal System –
Movement
Protects and supports body organs
Attachment site for muscles
Mineral storage
Blood cell formation
Figure 1.3b

8. Locomotion, facial expression Maintains posture Produces heat.
Skeletal
muscles
Muscular System
Locomotion, facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat.
Figure 1.3c

9. Fast-acting control system of the body
Brain
Nerves
Spinal
cord
Nervous System
Fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to internal & external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.
Figure 1.3d

10. Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes various processes
Pineal gland
Pituitary
gland
Thyroid
gland
Thymus
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
Endocrine System
Glands secrete hormones that regulate
processes various processes
Figure 1.3e

11. Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood
vessels
Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
The heart pumps blood.
Figure 1.3f

12. (Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Red bone
marrow
Thymus
Lymphatic
vessels
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
(Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris in lymphatic stream
Houses WBC’s involved in immunity.
Figure 1.3g

13. Nasal cavity Pharynx Bronchus Larynx Trachea Lung Respiratory System
Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
Figure 1.3h

14. Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood
for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Figure 1.3i

15. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Regulates water, electrolyte and
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Regulates water, electrolyte and
acid-base balance of the blood.
Figure 1.3j

16. Overall function is production of offspring.
Mammary
glands (in
breasts)
Prostate
gland
Ovary
Penis
Testis
Ductus
deferens
Scrotum
Uterine
tube
Uterus
Vagina
Male Reproductive System
(Female Reproductive System
Overall function is production of offspring.
Figure 1.3k-l

17. Figure 1.3 Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Food O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Blood
CO2 O2
Urinary
system
Eliminates
nitrogenous
wastes and
excess ions
Heart
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system
Protects the body as a whole
from the external environment
Feces
Urine
Figure 1.3

18. Survival Needs
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure

19. Homeostasis
Definition:
A dynamic state of equilibrium

20. Components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism
Receptor (sensor)
Control center
Effector

21. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector. 4 3
Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.
Control Center
Afferent pathway
Efferent pathway 2
Receptor
Effector 5
Receptor detects change.
Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variable to homeostatic level. 1
IMBALANCE
Stimulus produces change in variable.
BALANCE
IMBALANCE
Figure 1.4

22. The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
Negative Feedback
The response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
Example:
Regulation of body temperature

23. Temperature-sensitive Temperature-sensitive
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to
effectors
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Sweat glands
Sweat glands activated
Response
Evaporation of sweat
Body temperature falls;
stimulus ends
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises
BALANCE
Stimulus
Body temperature falls
Response
Body temperature rises;
stimulus ends
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Skeletal muscles
Efferent
pathway
Afferent
pathway
Shivering
begins
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to effectors
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to control
center
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Figure 1.5

24. The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Positive Feedback
The response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
Rare in biological systems
Example:
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

25. 1 3 2 4 Break or tear occurs in blood vessel wall.
Positive feedback cycle is initiated. 3
Released chemicals attract more platelets.
Platelets adhere to site and release chemicals. 2
Positive feedback loop
Feedback cycle ends when plug is formed. 4
Platelet plug forms.
Figure 1.6

26. Chapter 1b

27. Standard anatomical body position:
Anatomical Position
Standard anatomical body position:
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward

28. Regional Terms
Regional Terms: designate specific areas/regions of the body.

29. Upper limb Acromial Orbital Brachial (arm) Nasal Antecubital Oral
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Cervical
Carpal (wrist)
Thoracic
Axillary
Digital
Sternal
Abdominal
Lower limb
Umbilical
Coxal (hip)
Pelvic
Femoral (thigh)
Inguinal
Patellar
Crural (leg)
Pubic
Fibular
Tarsal (ankle)
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Figure 1.5

30. Upper limb Cephalic Acromial Brachial (arm) Occipital (back of head)
Olecranal
Cervical
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Vertebral
Digital
Lumbar
Sacral
Femoral (thigh)
Gluteal
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular
Calcaneal
Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Figure 1.5

31. Table 1.1

32. Table 1.1

33. Table 1.1

34. Table 1.1

35. Table 1.1

36. Body Planes and Sections
Sagittal plane
Midsagittal (median) plane
Parasagittal plane
Frontal (coronal) plane
Transverse (horizontal) plane

37. Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Transverse plane
(a) Frontal section
(through torso)
(b) Transverse section
(through torso,
inferior view)
(c) Median section
(midsagittal)
Pancreas
Aorta
Spleen
Left and
right lungs
Liver
Heart
Spleen
Liver
Spinal cord
Rectum
Intestines
Body wall
Stomach
Arm
Vertebral
column
Subcutaneous fat layer
Figure 1.6

38. Body Cavities Two Large Cavities: Dorsal cavity Two subdivisions:
Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity

39. Body Cavities Ventral cavity
Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm):

40. Cranial
cavity
Cranial
cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Dorsal
body
cavity
Thoracic
Cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
(thoracic and
abdominopelvic
cavities)
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
(contains digestive
viscera)
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(contains urinary
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum)
(a) Lateral view
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.7

41. Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
Ventral Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
Two pleural cavities
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity

42. Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
Ventral Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

43. Thoracic cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Cranial cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Dorsal
body
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Ventral body
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
Abdomino-
pelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
(a) Lateral view
(b) Anterior view
Figure 1.7

44. Abdominopelvic Regions
Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

45. Figure 1.12 Liver Diaphragm Right hypochondriac region Left
Epigastric
region
Gallbladder
Stomach
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Ascending colon of
large intestine
Transverse colon
of large intestine
Umbilical
region
Small intestine
Descending colon
of large intestine
Cecum
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Appendix
Urinary bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Figure 1.12

46. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

47. Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
Figure 1.11