Explain the use of crude oil as a source of hydrocarbons, as well as their uses. Explain that the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated using fractional distillation. Explain, in terms of van der Waals’ forces, the variations in the boiling points of different alkanes. Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original

Oil prices hit a record high in July 2006 Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original

Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Fractionating column

Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Effect of increasing chain length on the boiling points of alkanes

© Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 14 Effect of branching on the boiling points of alkanes

Describe the combustion of alkanes. Explain the incomplete combustion of alkanes. Describe catalytic cracking to obtain more useful alkanes and alkenes from long-chain hydrocarbons. Describe further processing to form branched alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons. Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original

Possible cracking reaction of dodecane, C 12 H 26 Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original

Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Isomerisation reaction for pentane

Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Reforming process for pentane into cyclopentane

Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Reforming process for pentane into cyclopentane

Contrast the value of fossil fuels with an over-reliance on non-renewable fossil fuel reserves. Examine the importance of developing renewable plant-based fuels, such as alcohols and biodiesel. Contrast the value of fossil fuels with increased CO 2 levels, leading to global warming and climate change. Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original

Uses of crude oil Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original

Describe the substitution of alkanes in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. Describe how homolytic fission leads to the mechanism of radical substitution in alkanes. Explain the limitations of radical substitution in synthesis. Week 14 © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original