Wetlands Characteristic hydric soil and hydrophytic vegetation as signs of frequent surface saturation or inundation. Many types of wetlands: (Dodds, 2002;

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Presentation transcript:

Wetlands Characteristic hydric soil and hydrophytic vegetation as signs of frequent surface saturation or inundation. Many types of wetlands: (Dodds, 2002; Table 4.3) –Salt-marshes and (temperate, seawater influence) –Mangrove forests (tropical, seawater influence) –Tidal & non-tidal freshwater marshes –Deepwater (cypress) swamps –Northern (bogs & tundra) wetlands –Riparian forests/wetlands –Man-made (rice paddies & bioremediation) Function as nutrient and sediment traps; slow runoff and facilitate recharge; most are highly productive.

Global Distribution (Matthews, 1993) Coastal Mangrove Depressional Peatland bog

Wetland ecosystem types are based on hydrologic regime, climate, geomorphology, nutrient input and vegetation. (Dodds, 2002; Table 4.5) Geomorphic: Peatlands; Coastal; Riverine; Depressional. Hydrologic Regime: –Permanence, predictability (e.g. tidal), seasonality –Primary water source: Precipitation; low throughput (ombrotrophic) Riverine; potentially high throughput (minerotrophic) Groundwater Climate determines the balance of precipitation and evapotranspiration. (E.g., much less precipitation is required for tundra wetlands than that for a tropical savanna wetland.)

Human Impacts on Groundwaters; Streams and Wetlands Groundwater or surface pumping: –agriculture –industry –drinking waters. Clearing riparian forests & wetlands Draining and filling for “development”. Damming and flooding Diversion channels for water supply.

Levee

Arkansas River (?)

Vanishing Florida Wetlands

Wetland loss since % Riparian Forest lost in USA. Worldwide estimates are >50%; half due to agriculture.