10/3/13 Life’s Work: Read ch. 11 and study for quiz tomorrow Agenda: Objective: SWBAT evaluate the effects of fishing on aquatic ecosystems. SWBAT describe the ecological services provided by coral reefs and evaluate human impacts on coral reefs. Due Now: 1. Sunrise Cinema Summary (if you attended) 2. Freshwater ?s 3. Ocean Zones handout 4. Do Now Sheet Do Now: Complete the Unit 2 Test Wrap-Up anticipation guide Agenda: Go over Unit 2 Test Go Fish? Coral Reefs Life’s Work: Read ch. 11 and study for quiz tomorrow

Unit Test Class Averages (1st, 5th, and 7th) 63% 66%

Free Response Scoring Guide 2003 - #1 (a) Support Dr. Tate’s assertion that “the leaf litter is critical to the survival of local species of forest plants.” Include in your discussion the roles of leaf litter in a deciduous forest ecosystem. (2 POINTS TOTAL)

Free Response Scoring Guide 2003 - #1 (b) Describe THREE abiotic changes that would be likely to result if the exotic worms consumed all the leaf litter in a single year. (3 POINTS TOTAL)

Free Response Scoring Guide 2003 - #1 (c) For one of the changes you identified in part (b), explain how the change could set the stage for the takeover of Japanese stilt grass or other exotic species. (1 POINT TOTAL)

Free Response Scoring Guide 2003 - #1 (d) Design a controlled experiment to determine whether the worms, in fact, do change the forest ecosystem. Identify the environmental factor you will measure, and include the specific hypothesis you will test and the data you will collect. (4 POINTS TOTAL)

Unit 2 Test Multiple Choice Look over your responses and the questions you missed. 1 Minute Multiple choice question Q&A 5 Minutes More questions? Attend tutorials: Tues/Thurs 4-5pm in the library OR make an appointment

Troubled Waters: The Hidden Dangers of Overfishing The major decline in the worldwide catch of fish since 1990 is because of over-fishing. About 75% of the world’s commercially valuable marine fish species are over fished or fished near their sustainable limits. Big fish are becoming scarce, and smaller fish are next. We throw away 30% of the fish we catch. We needlessly kill sea mammals and birds. By-catch: fish or animals that were not meant to be caught.

Purse Seines A large purse-like net is put into the ocean and is then closed like a drawstring purse to trap the fish. Tuna is a fish typically caught in purse seines Dolphins are a by-catch of purse seines

Long-line fishing Lines are put out that can be up to 80 miles long w/ thousands of baited hooks on them. These are left out free-floating for days and then the boat comes back and picks them up. Pilot whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and birds are by-catch of this technique.

Drift-net fishing Each net hangs as much as 50 feet below the surface and up to 34 miles long. Anything that comes into contact w/ these nearly invisible nets are entangled. This leads to overfishing Many unwanted fish and marine mammals, turtles and seabirds are caught.

Your Turn: Name each of the following types of nets AND describe the way it works to catch fish. Trawler fishing Fish farming in cage Spotter airplane Sonar 2 Purse-seine fishing Trawl flap 1 Trawl lines Fish school Trawl bag Drift-net fishing Long line fishing Float Buoy Figure 12.A Natural capital degradation: major commercial fishing methods used to harvest various marine species. These methods have become so effective that many fish species have become commercially extinct. Lines with hooks 3 Deep sea aquaculture cage Fish caught by gills Fig. 12-A, p. 255

Deep sea aquaculture cage Fish caught by gills Trawler fishing Fish farming in cage Spotter airplane Sonar Purse-seine fishing Trawl flap Trawl lines Fish school Trawl bag Drift-net fishing Long line fishing Float Buoy Figure 12.A Natural capital degradation: major commercial fishing methods used to harvest various marine species. These methods have become so effective that many fish species have become commercially extinct. Lines with hooks Deep sea aquaculture cage Fish caught by gills Fig. 12-A, p. 255

What is a Coral Reef? Coral reefs: form in clear, warm coastal waters of the tropics and subtropics Formed by massive colonies of tiny animals called polyps that slowly build reefs by taking in calcium and secreting a protective crust of limestone (calcium carbonate) around their bodies Coral reefs take in half of all of the calcium flowing into the ocean every year When the polyps die, their empty crusts remain behind as a platform for more reef growth Some coral reefs are millions of years old

Ecological Services of Coral Reefs Act as natural barriers to protect 15% of the world’s coastlines from erosion caused by battering waves and storms Provide habitats for marine organisms “Goldmines” of aquatic biodiversity

Human Effects on Coral Reefs Trawler nets: dragged along ocean floor like a giant plow Coral bleaching: result of warmer temperatures and sediment pollution Overfishing Increasing amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere makes the ocean more acidic, which damages the corals

Effects of Litter and Pollution on Marine Life Each year, plastic items dumped from ships and left as litter on beaches threaten marine life. Try it: Garbage Island, Pacific Ocean