1. Fishing Resources

2. Fisheries:
Concentration of a particular aquatic species used for commercial harvesting
3rd major food producing system

3. How we fish
Commercial fishing industry uses satellite positioning equipment, sonar, massive nets, spotter planes, and factory ships

4. Methods of fishing

5. Trawlers A funnel shaped net is dragged along the ocean bottom
Most detrimental to ocean floor habitats

6. Purse-seine fishing
Large purse-seine net is placed around a school of fish and closed like a purse string

7. Longlining:
Fish vessels put out lines up to 80 miles long with thousands of baited hooks
Catches by-catch (non-target species)

8. Drift net fishing:
Each net hangs as much as 50 feet below surface and is up to 34 miles long; almost anything that comes in contact becomes entangled
huge threat to biodiversity
Causes overfishing

9. 1990 – UN decided to monitor use of modified drift nets
Pros:
Smaller harvests
Cons:
Voluntary compliance
Difficulty monitoring fleets
More longlining

10. Protecting Marine Biodiversity

11. Challenges
It is hard to enforce the following laws because of the vast expanse of open ocean

12. International Waters (Law of the Sea)

13. Tragedy of The Commons Essay written by Garrett Hardin
Idea that everyone has access to certain areas (national parks, the ocean), but if a problem arises, no one group will take responsibility
Examples include:
Aquifer depletion by local farmers
Great Pacific Garbage Patch in Pacific

14. Fishing Laws
There are several major laws in place to help protect threatened/endangered species
International Laws:
CITES
1979 Global Treaty on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention): target to preserve/conserve migratory species through range and across borders
1995 International Convention on Biological Diversity: Reminder that species should be sustainable

15. US Laws Endangered Species Act of 1973:
US Marine Mammal Protection Act: says that one cannot take marine animals out of US water, nor import marine mammals and marine mammal products into the US
Dolphins, whales, porpoises, seals, sea lions, walruses, manatees, sea otters, polar bears (covers 217 species)
US Whale Conservation and Protection Act of 1976: Protects whale populations due to overexploitation

16. Due Next Class Only Food Land Calculation Lab
It’s on the website if you need an extra copy