Jump to first page Cell Biology Structure and Function

Jump to first page Cell Theory n List the contributions of the following to the development of cell theory. n Anton van Leeuwenhoek n Hooke n Schleiden n Schwann and n Virchow n State the cell theory

Jump to first page Microscope n Microscope first made in 1600’s n Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a dutch biologist saw tiny water organisms

Jump to first page Robert Hooke n Englishman n Observed slices of cork under microscope n Named spaces “cells”, because they looked like a monastery room.

Jump to first page Matthias Schleiden n German botanist n Found all plants are made of cells.

Jump to first page Theodor Schwann n Found all animals are made of cells.

Jump to first page Rudolf Virchow n 1855 of Germany n Found all cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells. OR

Jump to first page Cell Theory n All living things are composed of cells, whether one or trillions. n Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. n All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Jump to first page Review page 180

Jump to first page Microscopes n Compound Light Microscope- u Uses lenses to bend light rays u Has an objective lens (5x,10x,20x,40x,60x,80x, 100x) u Has an eye piece lens (10x)

Jump to first page Transmission electron microscope Uses negative electron charges to make an image on a screen 50,000x magnification

Jump to first page Scanning Electron Microscope False color images n Sprays metal dust on object. Metal gives off electrons which are detected and drawn on screen

Jump to first page Glowing Fluorescent protein Taken from jellyfish n Attached to DNA and produces a glowing protein that allows tracking of proteins in cells. Mitochondria

Jump to first page Cell structure n Identify and give the function of the cell structures. n Compare the structure of the cell membrane to the cell wall. n Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Jump to first page Prokaryotes n No nucleus n Contain DNA, strings like spaghetti n Contain tiny spheres called ribosomes

Jump to first page Eukaryotes n Have a nucleus containing DNA n Contain many membrane bound organelles

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Jump to first page Cell Structures

Jump to first page Cell membrane

Jump to first page Cell Membrane n Regulates what goes out and comes in. u door, phone, trash, groceries n Made of a double layer of phospholipids

Jump to first page Membrane continued... n Stationary Proteins are stuck in the bilayer n Carbohydrates stick to proteins to serve as identifiers to other cells n Free moving proteins are doors which pump molecules in or out u (Alleys for molecules to exit and enter the cell)

Jump to first page Cell Wall n Found in plants, algae, some bacteria. n Made of 2 or more layers. n Protects, supports, surrounds cell membrane n Porous (has holes) to allow water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass.

Jump to first page Wall Layers n 1st layer is between 2 cells. n Buffer layer n Made of cellulose & pectin u Pectin is a sticky glue u Cellulose is elastic

Jump to first page 2nd wall layer n Trees have Seconary cell wall n Made of cellulose and lignin u lignin provides rigidity

Jump to first page Cell walls stain n Purple for Gram Positive u Staphylococcus n Red for Gram Negative u E coli

Jump to first page Nucleus n Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) don’t have a nucleus n Eukaryotic cells have nucleus n Directs cell activity (Boss) u reproduction u production of proteins, lipids, enzymes, carbohydrates, and other nucleic acids

Jump to first page Nucleus continued... n Contains DNA u blue print for construction of body u long chain of DNA = chromosome n 2-5 micrometers in diameter n Surrounded by 2 membranes called the Nuclear Envelope. n Contains dozens of pores (doors to nucleus)

Jump to first page Inside the nucleus n Nucleolus u Contains RNA- serves as copier of DNA u Ribosomes- aid in protein production n 6 feet of Chromosomes bunched and attached to special round proteins n Half of DNA is passed to offspring

Jump to first page RNA n Three types n Messenger RNA u Single strand that takes the copy of DNA to make proteins n Transfer RNA u Attaches an amino acid to a triplet of bases on messenger RNA. n Ribosomal RNA u Helps the amino acid, tRNA, mRNA hold together

Jump to first page Cytoplasm n Area between nucleus and cell membrane n Contains many structures floating in a liquid gel n Contains carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and enzymes.

Jump to first page Endoplasmic Reticulum n Long structure that helps make and store proteins. The factory of the cell n Two types u Rough E.R. Studded with Ribosomes- makes proteins. u Smooth E.R. makes lipids and stores proteins.

Jump to first page Golgi Apparatus n Transports proteins, hormones, carbohydrates outside the cell. n Blob shaped n The truckers of the cell

Jump to first page Lysosome n Blob structure that cleans up wastes and invaders by engulfing and digesting them. n Janitor of the cell

Jump to first page Vacuole n Stores water for plant cells. Very large in plants n Animal cells have smaller vacuoles. n These gather excess water and transport it out of the cell.

Jump to first page Mitochondria n Rod shaped n Have folds inside where energy is produced. n Have their own DNA u Passed to children through the mother

Jump to first page Plastids n Store pigments or starch n Chloroplasts in plants store green chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Jump to first page Centrioles n Made of protein n Cylinders that are used during cell reproduction. n Act as anchors or winches

Jump to first page Cytoskeleton n Provides support, made of protein n Microtubules n Microfilaments

Jump to first page Review page 193