Section 3: Terrestrial Biomes

Biome A land area that is characterized by the plants and animals that live in the area. Two abiotic factors that affect a biome are precipitation, and temperature. (Climate)

Forest Biomes

In General…Forest Biomes Most widespread/Biological Diverse Human Impact = habitat destruction and deforestation Trees require significant amounts of water = forest biomes get significant amounts of precipitation Three types of forest biomes – Tropical  Tropical Rain Forest – Temperate  Temperate Deciduous Forest – Polar  Coniferous or Taiga

Rainforest

Tropical Rain Forest Location – Near the equator = very warm/sunny climate year round Precipitation – Lots of precipitation Soil Quality – Very poor. – Trees do not die seasonally, so when they do die, decomposers work quickly and the nutrients are drawn back out of the soil by living plants almost immediately

Tropical Rain Forests Cont…

Tropical Rainforest Characteristics Emergent Layer- trees are 60-70m – eagles, bats, monkeys and snakes Upper Canopy – upper layer- absorbs 95% of sunlight – trees 30m Lower Layer- abundant flowers, fruits, animals, epiphytes Understory– very little light short plants

Tropical Rain Forest Adaptations Highly diverse animal population – Tend to be specialist species = avoidance of competition for resources – Insects = use of camouflage, chemical warfare, and mimicry to avoid predators Highly adapted plant life – Large broad leaf leaves to capture sunlight – Epiphytes are rootless and wind up trees to reach sunlight

Human Influence on TRF Habitat Destruction – Higher human populations means more forests must be removed or invaded to make room – Exotic species are sold or traded Deforestation – Despite poor soil quality, forests are removed to grow crops and to graze cattle – Slash and Burn – Palm Oil

Deciduous Forest

Temperate Deciduous Forest General Characteristic - lose their leaves in fall Location – Between the 30 and 50 degree North Latitude Precipitation/Climate – Extreme temperatures- Hot summers and Cold winters – cm precipitation Soil Quality – Excellent soil quality due to leaf litter decomposition

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Plant and Animal Adaptations Trees shed leaves in fall. – Leaf litter decomposes over a long period of time = constant influx of nutrients into soil. Birds fly south for the winter Some animals hibernate in the winters so they don’t need food

Taiga-Boreal Forest Coniferous Forest

Coniferous = Taiga General Characteristics – Evergreen trees Location – Below the arctic/subarctic Precipitation/Climate – Long winters/low precipitation Soil Quality – Very acidic due to fallen/decomposing pine needles which are acidic

Taiga

Plant and Animal Adaptations Conifer trees – leaves are waxy coated needles = prevents water loss Blueberry bushes thrive in acidic soil Snowshoe Hare – sheds brown coat for winter in an effort to camouflage in winter snow

Grasslands

Grassland Biomes Location – center of continents Three Types – Tropical = Savanna – Temperate = Prairie – Polar = Tundra Soil Quality Varies Human Impact – Habitat destruction = farming and grazing

Tropical Grasslands = Savanna Location – Tropical and subtropical regions – East Africa – West India Climate/Precipitation – Dry tropical climate – Wet season and dry season General Characteristics – Plains full of grasses, shrubs, and scattered trees – Soil Quality – moderate due to natural fires which restore nutrients to soil

Savanna

Savannas

Plant and Animal Adaptations Savanna Plants have thorns to avoid predators Grazing herbivores capable of traveling long distances

Grasslands

Temperate Grasslands Location – center of continent Central N. America Climate/Precipitation – Warm summers and cold winters – Intermediate rainfall Soil Quality – Most rich soil of grasslands – Due to decomposition of dead grasses ever winter General Characteristics – Mostly grass – Few trees – Grasses die in winter

Temperate Grasslands

Plant and Animal Adaptations Temperate Grasslands Grazers have flat teeth for chewing grasses Owls and Badgers have underground burrows for protection from predators Threats to Savanna Grasslands: – Farming and Grazing – Soil erosion from farming – Soil erosion from overgrazing

Desert

Deserts Location – Often…near mountain ranges due to Rain Shadow Effect Climate/Precipitation – Long periods without rain – Extreme temperatures General Characteristics – Little or no vegetation Soil Quality – Very poor since there is little vegetation to be decomposed

Plant and Animal Adaptations Desert Cacti plants have thick fleshy stems with spines to prevent water loss and deter predators Many plants have shallow spread out roots to absorb as much rain as possible Reptiles have thick scaly skin to prevent water loss Amphibians estivate or bury themselves Insects have hard coverings Animals are nocturnal

Tundra

Location – Arctic or Antarctic Climate/Precipitation – Very cold winters and cool/short summers General Characteristics – Treeless – Grasses, lichen, herbs – Permafrost-permanent frozen soil/subsoil – Very fragile ecosystem and has been disturbed in recent years due to oil drilling Soil Quality – Thin and poor quality

Tundra

Plant and Animal Adaptations Tundra Mosses and lichens can grow without soil and cover rock in Tundra Plants have shallow root systems since soil is a very thin layer Plants grow low to the ground so that they can take advantage of the heat from the soil in the summer Animals hibernate, burrow, migrate, and are camouflaged white to avoid predators

Using your notes, number your paper 1-22 on the back of your coloring map. Figure out what each slide represent, which biomes.

Temperature: -40°C to 18°C Precipitation: 150 to 250 mm of rain per year 1

Temperature: Dependent on latitude, yearly range can be between -20°C to 30°C Precipitation: About 500 to 900 mm of rain per year 2

Temperature: -30°C to 30°C, yearly average is 10°C, hot summers, cold winters Precipitation: 750 to 1,500 mm of rain per year 3

Temperature: Average of 38°C (day), average of - 3.9°C (night) Precipitation: About 250 mm of rain per year 4

Temperature: 20°C to 25°C, must remain warm and frost-free Precipitation: 2,000 to 10,000 millimeters of rain per year 5

Temperature: -40°C to 20°C, average summer temperature is 10°C Precipitation: 300 to 900 millimeters of rain per year 6

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12 The mountains would be the _______ biome.

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Which of the following patterns highlights a tundra biome? 20

Which of the following patterns highlights a coniferous forest (taiga) biome? 21

Which of the following patterns highlights a desert biome? 22