Globalization of Christianity ( ) Beau Junker

Standard : Describe the Reformation and Counter- reformation; analyze their impact throughout the Atlantic world

Objectives In what ways did the Protestant Reformation Transform European society, culture, and politics? How was the European imperial expansion related to the spread of Christianity? In what ways was European Christianity assimilated into Native America cultures of Spanish America? Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity so much less successful in China than in Spanish America?

The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther posts 95 Theses (1517) Rapid spread o Lutheran, Calvinist Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist (all oppose pope) Theological differences o Religious authority: Bible vs. Pope and church hierachy o Role of the pope: Denied authority vs. ultimate authority o Salvation: By faith alone vs. church sacraments o Mary: Less prominent vs. Highly Prominent o Prayer: To God alone vs. To God but often to Mary and other saints o Clergy: No distinct spiritual status vs. mediator between God and laypeople

The Counter-Reformation The Council of Trent ( ) o Aims to keep Catholic traditions and power of the pope o Corrects abuse and corruption o Cracks down on religious dissidents

Political, Social, and Economic Tensions Political o Kings dispute authority of the pope o Divides society within states and Europe as a whole Social o Opposition of social order Economic o Many see no legitimacy in taxes imposed by the Catholic church

Thirty Years’ War ( ) Catholic-Protestant struggle o Religious differences within the state o Protestants show no allegiance with pope Destructive and violent o Involved almost all of Europe Peace of Westphalia o Recognized state sovereignty, control of religious affairs internally o Decentralizes Catholic states throughout Europe

Global Expansion of Christianity Map Pg Christianity motivates expansion Americas vs. Chinese conversion

Spanish America ( ) Spaniards saw expansion as long tradition of Crusading Most successful conversion attempt Lack of literate native religion o Small-scale, orally based religions had no stability Overwhelming European presence o Military, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor

Religion Spanish see military success as demonstration of Christian God’s power o Natives agree Christianity is exclusive religious truth o Aimed at entire population Resistance o Uprisings

Women in Spanish America Previously served as priests, shamans, ritual specialists Many refuse crown and God Convent life reserved exclusively for Spanish women

Culture Significant in Andean and Mexican regions Attempt to blend Christianity and local religion o Saints closely relate to precolonial gods o Rituals contain both Christian practices and local practices

Chinese Conversion ( ) Largely unsuccessful Jesuits attempt to convert Chinese Elitist o Brought European knowledge: science, technology, geography, mapmaking o Attempted to appeal to educated elitist o Respected Confucian traditions and texts o Few convert