Cultural Anthropology Ethnography Ethnology Social Anthropology Linguistics

Ethnography An attempt to give an accurate, objective, valid, reliable account of the way of life of a specific group of people. (ethnos, a people+graphos, a writing) This is the basic descriptive level of cultural anthropology. Participant Observation is major feature. Margaret Mead’s work with the Samoans is a good example. Laura Tamakoshi’s (above) work in New Guinea is another. (Margaret Mead also worked in New Guinea.)

Ethnology (ethnos, people+logos, word) An attempt to give an accurate, objective, valid, reliable account of the way of life of a larger set of people. A higher level of generalization…. The Science of Culture. Ethnologists try to find patterns of behavior that are common to the various groups under investigation. The Comparative Method is an important tool. Cultural Universals…cultural traits manifest in some way in all cultures under study. language kinship systemsreligion E.B. Tylor

Social Anthropology Area of anthropology most like sociology. Differs mainly on areas of emphasis and the professional identification of the individual.

Kinship and Descent Social Anthropology Sociologists have been concerned mainly with own society. Social anthropologists have been concerned mainly with traditional society.

Genealogical Space – Space that contains all human beings. Kinship and descent are Cultural Universals. Social Anthropology

Genealogical Space Social Anthropology Males Females Marriage affinal Descent consanguineal Generation consanguineal

The investigation of kinship terminology begins with a distinction between kin types and kin terms. Kin types refer to the basic uncategorized relationships that anthropologists use to describe the actual contents of kinship categories. They are supposedly culture free, etic components. Kin terms are the labels for categories of kin that include one or more kin types. They are emic structures and vary across cultures. Social Anthropology

Kin Types Primary components and letter symbols Mother [M] Father [F] Sister [Z] Brother [B] Daughter [D] Son [S] Husband [H] Wife [W] Social Anthropology

Rules of Descent Bilineal (Bilateral) Unilineal Matrilineal Patrilineal Social Anthropology

Eskimo Kinship Bilineal Similar to “American” system Social Anthropology

Matrilineal Social Anthropology

Patrilineal Social Anthropology

Comparison of Patrilineal with Matrilineal Descent Patrilineal Matrilineal Strong marriageBrittle marriage Patrilocal residenceMatrilocal residence Strict sex rulesLax sex rules No marriage ruleX-cousin marriage PrescribedProscribed

Rules of Residence Neolocal Matrilocal Patrilocal Ambilocal Associated with bilineal descent Associated with matrilineal descent Associated with patrilineal descent Social Anthropology

Forms of Marriage Monogamy Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry One spouse Multiple husbands Multiple spouses Multiple wives Rules of Marriage Exogamy - Marriage outside group Endogamy - Marriage within group Social Anthropology

Family relatives Four functions of families Nuclear families Extended families Nurturance Economic foundation Sex control Enculturation Social Anthropology

Linguistics Study of Language Language is a system of vocal symbols by means of which human beings interact in terms of their culture.

Linguistics Study of Language The three S’s of language: Shape Sound Sense Grammar; syntax - rules to put sounds together No language uses all sounds humans can make. Phonology, Phonetics, Phonemics Phonemes - “packets” of similar sounds recognized as same sound. Morphology stydy of shape of language Morpheme - basic unit of sound to which meaning has been attached. Semantics - study of sense (meaning). All languages make sense to the people who use them…They are equal in this regard. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis !Kung

Linguistics Metalanguage/Vocalics Olfactics Haptics Kinesics Proxemics Oculesics Chronemics The study of meanings, usage and communication of time. In many other cultures, time is time is experienced polychronically rather than sequentially. Time in US is a sequence….a commodity to be spent, used, wasted…. Concerned with systems of smell Communication through the skin….i.e. Touching by Ashley Montague Bodily movement, facial expression, etc. Ray Birdwhistell is pioneer Communication by use of space…. Edward T. Hall’s work, for example Communication involving the eyes Includes paralanguage… It’s not what you say, it’s the way you say it.