Chapter 10 - Muslim Civilization Focus: Who was Muhammad and how did his teachings lead to the rise of Islam?

Chapter 10- Muslim Civilization 10.1 - The Rise of Islam 10.2 - Building a Muslim Empire 10.3 - Muslim Civilization Golden Age 10.4 - India’s Muslim Empires 10.5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires

10.1- Rise of Islam Focus: What messages, or teachings, did Muhammad spread through Islam?

10.1- Rise of Islam Followers of Islam are called Muslim* Their holy text is the Quran* Chief Prophet: Muhammad*

10.1- Rise of Islam Islam begins: Muhammad was born in the oasis town of Mecca. Mecca: Was a bustling market* Pilgrimage center* No weapons in the city* Was home to many pagan gods* (statues)

Muhammad: (570 AD) 10.1- Rise of Islam led a modest life early on: He was an honest business man* Married at 25 (Khadija)* Devoted father and husband* Was troubled by the moral ills of society*

10.1- Rise of Islam According to Islamic belief, when Muhammad was 40 years old he heard the voice of an angel (Gabriel) . Muhammad was uneasy, but became the messenger of god.*

10.1- Rise of Islam Muhammad's Teachings: Weren’t widely accepted at first As they gained strength, angered Mecca’s merchants Neglect of idols would disrupt trade

10.1- Rise of Islam Muhammad’s Journey (Hijra): Muhammad left Mecca and entered the city of Medina.* Acceptance grows Thousands of Arabs adopt Islam With his followers he returned to Mecca to free the Kaaba, the temple he believed should be dedicated to one true God, of idols.* Rededicated the Kaaba to Allah (God), making it the most holy place of Islam.*

10.1- Rise of Islam The Quran: Sacred text of Islam* States people are responsible for their actions Muslims believe that God (Allah) has sent other prophets: Jesus, Abraham, Moses… but Muhammad is the last and greatest of all.

10.1- Rise of Islam Duties (expectations) of Islam: Islamic people follow The Five Pillars of Islam Lay out the expectations of Muslims*

10.1- Rise of Islam Pillar One: Shahada Declaration of faith* “There is no god but Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”

10.1- Rise of Islam Pillar Two: Salah Daily Prayer* Pray 5 times a day Wash Face Mecca Some pray in Mosques - house of worship* But not required

10.1- Rise of Islam Pillar Three: Zakat Alms for the Poor* Give charity

10.1- Rise of Islam Pillar Four: Ramadan Fasting* Don’t eat from sun up to sun down Applies to other parts of life too, not just eating For the month of Ramadan (varies by year)

Pillar Five: 10.1- Rise of Islam Making a Pilgrimage (Hajj)* Must make the journey at least once Pray at the Kaaba Over 2 million people a year

10.1- Rise of Islam Jihad- struggle in God’s service* To Muslims Islam is both a religion and a way of life Their laws are based on the teaching of Islam- Sharia* Islam and the Quran extended rights of women* *however they must dress modestly Varies by location

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire Focus: How did Muhammad’s successors extend Muslim rule and spread Islam?

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire After Muhammad died- he named no successor:* Islam needed another strong leader Abu Bakr - becomes the first: caliph – successor* Reunites the Muslims Leads military campaigns to unite other Arabs in Islam

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire Conquering area including: Damascus Jerusalem The Persian Empire Byzantine Egypt The Muslim Empire rapidly spread

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire Death of Muhammad : created a split (schism) in the Empire: Sunni versus Shiite Muslims disagreed over who should be caliph (successor) SUNNI- majority of Muslims; believed successors should be pious males* SHIITE- believed the caliph must be a direct descendent of Muhammad*

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire Sufis - Muslim Mystic* Meditation, fasting, rituals

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire Muslim Empire grew from 661 - 750 Several Ruling Families (clans) Umayyad (Spain) Decline – criticized for lifestyle

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire Abbasid – moved capital to Baghdad (750-1258) Reasons for success: Weakness of Byzantines and Persians Aggressive and bold fighting Strong unity under Islam

Muslim Empire- c. 750 SPAIN- Umayyad BAGHDAD- Abbasids MED SEA AFRICA ARABIA

10. 2 Building a Muslim Empire As the Empire expanded: Conquered people were treated fairly Many conquered joined the Islamic faith Non-Muslims taxed Equality The capital was moved to Baghdad (Damascus)* “Paradise on Earth” Beautiful city Market, Gardens, Domes Minarets- slender towers*

Baghdad Baghdad

10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls Starting in 850 the Muslim Empire began to fade Independent dynasties – caliph loses power* Invasions*

10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls Seljuk Turks migrated to the Middle East (900s) Seljuk Turk Rulers (Sultan) - controlled Baghdad (1055) Conflicts prevent Christians from traveling to Jerusalem Cause the Crusades (1095) Christians v. Muslims

10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls Mongols led by Genghis Khan move into Middle East (1216) Eventually burn and loot Baghdad

10.2 - The Muslim Empire Falls The culture still flourished in Spain Until 1492 (Inquisition)

During the Muslim Golden Age: 10.3 - Muslim Golden Age Focus: What achievements did Muslims make in economics, art, literature, and science? Muslim Golden Age a time of prosperity 750-850: 100 years During the Muslim Golden Age: Economy Advanced Social Structure Advanced Art, Literature, and Architecture Thrive Muslim Knowledge Expanded

Muslim rulers unite many diverse cultures Arabs Persians Egyptians Africans Europeans

10.3 - Economy Advanced Merchants were near the top of society (Muhammad was a merchant)* Built a massive trade route – camels, silk roads, ships* Asia Africa Europe

10.3 - Economy Advanced Muslim’s pioneered new business practices* Partnerships* Credit* Formed banks* Checks*

10.3 - Social Structure Improves Social Mobility – changing of social class* Improve their position through achievements: Religious Scholarly Military

Muslim Empire Included Greeks Romans Persians Indians

Art, Literature, & Architecture Muslim art displayed many different cultures Religious - did not portray humans (Quran - no idols)* Poetry (oral) was used to tell stories

Muslim Architecture Mosque and Minarets decorated the skyline Calligraphy decorated buildings (beautiful handwriting)*

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Focus: How did Muslim rule affect Indian government and society?

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Muslims move into Indian Empire around 1000 By the late 1100’s the Sultan (Muslim Ruler)*: Defeated Hindu armies and claimed Delhi as his capital

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Successors to the empire would rule what was known as the Delhi sultanate (lands of the sultan) Marked start of Muslim rule in India (1206 – 1526)

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Muslim advances lead to a blending of cultures Persian Arab Turks

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Muslims and Hindus clash over: Text : Quran vs. Many texts God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many gods/goddesses Equality vs. Caste: Many Hindus converted to Islam to due to: -*equality (before God) in Islam

Text : Quran vs. Many

God/ Gods: Allah vs. Many

Equality vs. Caste *Equality was appealing to Hindus

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Eventually Delhi sultanate became tolerant of Hindus Even kept local Rajahs - Hindu rulers in place* Accepted Hindus as monotheistic (Brahman)

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Mughal Empire Rises* Mughal = Persian for Mongol* Replace Delhi Sultanate (1526 - 1857)

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires By 1707 The Mughal Empire had conquered most of the Indian Subcontinent Led to the rise of Akbar the Great 

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Akbar the Great was the chief builder of the Mughal Empire* Created a strong central government Tolerant of Hindus (married one) Promoted Religious harmony

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires Akbar’s Grandson Shah Jahan was also influential While ruling the empire his wife Mumtaz Mahal would die: She gave birth to 14 children and was only 39 He loved her dearly so he built a monument (tomb) in her honor…

10.4 India’s Muslim Empires The Taj Mahal Took 22,000 workers & 20 years Greatest monument of Mughal Empire

10.5 – The Ottoman & Safavid Empires Focus: What were the main characteristics of the Ottoman and Safavid empires? The Ottomans Migrated into Asia Minor (Turkey) Turkish-speaking nomads from Central Asia Took Constantinople (Istanbul) 1453 becomes Ottoman Capital Used new war tech the cannon

10.5 - The Ottoman and Safavid Empires Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566) Great leader of the Ottoman Empire* Extended Ottoman Empire into Middle East Known as the lawgiver Laws based on the Sharia, supplemented by royal edicts Held absolute power Used a vizier, huge bureaucracy, and powerful military

Ottoman Empire: Hungary to Arabia & Mesopotamia, and across North Africa

10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires Janizaries – elite forces of the Ottoman army* Usually born to Christian families but converted to Islam Ottoman Culture Organized social classes Top: “Men of the sword” (soldiers)* Muslim* “Men of the pen” (scientists, lawyers, judges, & poets) Muslim “Men of negotiation” (merchants, artisans) Lowest: “Men of husbandry” (farmers & herders: produce food)*

10.5 - Ottoman and Safavid Empires Decline Suleiman the Magnificent dies in 1566 1700s - European commerce and new war tech are superior Russia & other Europeans take over landholdings North Africa breaks away from Ottoman control

10.5 – The Safavid Empire Ruled in most of Modern day Iran Between: Ottomans - West Mughal India - East Shah (king) Abbas the Great Centralized gov’t Capital is Isfahan Strengthened the economy Safavid Empire decline Death of Shah Abbas Ottoman armies

10.5 – Safavid Empire