The Changing Workplace 8.4 The Changing Workplace A growing industrial work force faces problems arising from manufacturing under the factory system. NEXT

I. Industry Changes Work 4 SECTION I. Industry Changes Work A. Rural Manufacturing • Cottage industry —manufacturers supply materials, goods made in homes B. Early Factories • Early 1800s, artisans produce items people cannot make themselves: - master—highly experienced artisan - journeyman—skilled worker employed by master - apprentice—young worker learning craft • Factories revolutionize industry: cost of household items drops • With machines, unskilled workers replace artisans Continued . . . NEXT

II. Farm Worker to Factory Worker https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkJwOYagvuI 4 SECTION II. Farm Worker to Factory Worker A. The Lowell Mill • Most mill workers are unmarried farm girls - paid lower wages than men • Factory pay better than alternatives—teaching, sewing, domestic work B. Conditions at Lowell • Work 12 hours in heat, dark, poor ventilation: • Conditions continue to deteriorate; 800 mill girls conduct a strike C. Strikes at Lowell • 1834, strike over pay cut; 1836, strike over higher board charges • Company wins both times, fires strike leaders NEXT

III. Workers Seek Better Conditions 4 SECTION III. Workers Seek Better Conditions A. Workers Unionize • Artisans form unions; begin to ally selves with unskilled workers • 1830s–1840s, 1–2% of workers organized, dozens of strikes - employers use immigrants as strikebreakers B. Immigration Increases • European immigration to U.S. increases 1830-1860 • German immigrants cluster in upper Mississippi Valley, Ohio Valley C. A Second Wave • Irish immigrants settle in large Eastern cities • Disliked because Catholic, poor; resented because work for low pay Continued . . . NEXT

D. National Trades’ Union 4 SECTION D. National Trades’ Union 1830s, unions for same trade unite to standardize wages, conditions form National Trades’ Union Bankers, owners form associations; courts declare strikes illegal NEXT