1. Section 3: Industrialization and Workers
Chapter 14
Section 3: Industrialization and Workers

2. Industrialization
Growth of industry

3. Growing American Force
Around 14 million people immigrated to U.S. between 1860 & 1900
Population shift: 8 to 9 million Americans moved to cities from farms
Fled poor economic conditions on farms & lured by fast pace city life
Few African Americans migrated b/c jobs were closed to them in cities

5. Why entire Families worked
Wages were low & no one person could earn enough $ to provide for household
Girls left school at 12 or 13 to work so brothers could stay in school
Moms worked in factories if they could not make $ at home
If adults were sick/died or could not keep a job

6. Factory work in the 1800s Worked 12 hour days 6 days a week
Paid by piecework: workers paid not by the hour but by what they produce
Division of Labor: Factory workers performed one small task over and over; rarely saw finished product
Referred by factory owners as “hands” or “operatives” = interchangable

7. Factory work in the 1800s cont.
Work conditions
Strict discipline: fired for being late or refusing to do task
Boring jobs: repeating tasks over and over
Noise deafening: no ear protection around loud machines
Ventilation poor
Effect:
Fatigue, faulty equipment, careless result in fires & accidents

8. What does the painting suggest about the conditions faced by workers?

9. Roles of Women in the work force
Employers excluded women from most skilled & highest paying jobs = worked simple machines
No chance to advance in factory work = performed only 1 part of sewing of a garment or item

13. Roles of children in work force
Made up 5% of industrial labor force
Children working meant difference between going hungry or having food on table
Dangerous work was unhealthy & stunted both body & mind