Intelligence Chapter 11

Who is more intelligent? MICHAEL JORDAN OR ALBERT EINSTEIN

What is intelligence? When does a society deem that someone is intelligent? When does a society deem that someone is intelligent?

Intelligence is… Intelligence – ability to solve problems, learn from experience, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations Intelligence – ability to solve problems, learn from experience, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

The Birth of Intelligence Testing Alfred Binet, a French psychologist, was appointed by the French govt. in 1904 to study and provide special education programs for children who were not doing well in school. Q. Do we do this today? Alfred Binet, a French psychologist, was appointed by the French govt. in 1904 to study and provide special education programs for children who were not doing well in school. Q. Do we do this today?

Binet: Intelligence Testing Binet developed a set of tests to measure a child’s mental age. Binet developed a set of tests to measure a child’s mental age. –The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance Ex. a child that performs as well as a 6 yr. old has the mental age of 6. Ex. a child that performs as well as a 6 yr. old has the mental age of 6. So low performing students may be 10 yrs. old but have a mental age of 7. So low performing students may be 10 yrs. old but have a mental age of 7.

Binet : Intelligence Testing Binet’s intelligence test included reasoning, thinking and problem solving. These were displayed through various tasks and problems. (Ex. unwrapping candy, repeating numbers/words, identifying objects) Binet’s intelligence test included reasoning, thinking and problem solving. These were displayed through various tasks and problems. (Ex. unwrapping candy, repeating numbers/words, identifying objects) Binet (and his co-worker Theodore Simon) intended for the tests to help students struggling in school but feared they would be used to label and limit children. Q Is this an issue today? Binet (and his co-worker Theodore Simon) intended for the tests to help students struggling in school but feared they would be used to label and limit children. Q Is this an issue today?

Intelligence Quotient The intelligence quotient (IQ) was developed from the Stanford-Binet test. IQ was widely used by Terman The intelligence quotient (IQ) was developed from the Stanford-Binet test. IQ was widely used by Terman IQ = Mental Age x 100 Chronological Age IQ = Mental Age x 100 Chronological Age Note: If your mental age and chronological age are the same – your IQ is 100 (avg.) Note: If your mental age and chronological age are the same – your IQ is 100 (avg.)

Terman : Intelligence Testing Lewis Terman – In 1911 a Stanford University professor revised Binet’s test to accurately measure California children’s intelligence. Lewis Terman – In 1911 a Stanford University professor revised Binet’s test to accurately measure California children’s intelligence. Terman called the revised version “Stanford-Binet”. This was most widely used test for decades to sort out populations. Terman called the revised version “Stanford-Binet”. This was most widely used test for decades to sort out populations.

Terman : Intelligence Testing Terman supported widespread use of intelligence testing Terman supported widespread use of intelligence testing –“The children of successful and cultured parents test higher than children from wretched and ignorant homes for the simple reason that their heredity is better.” - Lewis Terman, 1916 –Terman helped the US Govt. use the test to evaluate immigrants and test army recruits

The American Eugenics Movement The American Eugenics Movement Genetic breeding of humans based on intelligence tests. Genetic breeding of humans based on intelligence tests. State Sterilization programs: Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes “3 generations of imbeciles are enough”. State Sterilization programs: Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes “3 generations of imbeciles are enough”.

Re: Quotes made by original creators of Stanford-Binet and SAT. Re: Quotes made by original creators of Stanford-Binet and SAT. These quotes offer evidence for those that support the idea that standardized tests are a tool of cultural reproduction. Meaning a way to maintain their wealth and privilege within a society. These quotes offer evidence for those that support the idea that standardized tests are a tool of cultural reproduction. Meaning a way to maintain their wealth and privilege within a society. Q. Are standardized tests a tool for upper class cultural reproduction

North Carolina and State Sterilization Programs First and Last state to sterilize a citizen. (1971) First and Last state to sterilize a citizen. (1971) First state to offer retribution payments to victims. Missed passing in the general assembly by just a few votes. First state to offer retribution payments to victims. Missed passing in the general assembly by just a few votes.

North Carolina and Sterilization Programs Read quotes made by Wallace Kuralt head of Mecklenburg County Sterilization Board. Read quotes made by Wallace Kuralt head of Mecklenburg County Sterilization Board. Article drew heavy criticism and shock because Charles Kuralt is so revered in North Carolina history. While he’s done so much good “he was a product of the times” Article drew heavy criticism and shock because Charles Kuralt is so revered in North Carolina history. While he’s done so much good “he was a product of the times”

Standardized Tests and Merit Pay programs to be implemented in Standardized tests to be used in nearly all classes (including the Fine Arts, PE) to judge the performance of teachers. Standardized tests to be used in nearly all classes (including the Fine Arts, PE) to judge the performance of teachers. Q What are some potential problems to this? Q What are some potential problems to this?

Possible Effect of Stand. Testing Movement Fairness to students that are poor test takers (memorizers- one form of intelligence). Grades will be largely determined by tests. Fairness to students that are poor test takers (memorizers- one form of intelligence). Grades will be largely determined by tests. Pressure on Elementary school children. Non-Partisan Panel and Pressure on Elementary school children. Non-Partisan Panel and developing “inferiority complexes” developing “inferiority complexes”

Drawbacks to testing Movement Teaching to the test and the decline of teacher creativity (in turn morale because there is a correlation between creativity at ones job and job satisfaction. Teaching to the test and the decline of teacher creativity (in turn morale because there is a correlation between creativity at ones job and job satisfaction. Decline in teacher collegiality/sharing Decline in teacher collegiality/sharing Test Teacher - YouTube Test Teacher - YouTube Test Teacher - YouTube Test Teacher - YouTube Ex. Reading program: Open Court Ex. Reading program: Open Court

Possible effects of Stand. testing movement Teaching to the test and student creativity, critical thinking skills. Teaching to the test and student creativity, critical thinking skills. Not on the Test – YouTube Not on the Test – YouTube Teacher says no to testing – YouTube Teacher says no to testing – YouTube RSA Animate - Changing Education Paradigms – YouTube (start 4:00) RSA Animate - Changing Education Paradigms – YouTube (start 4:00) RSA Animate - Changing Education Paradigms – YouTube RSA Animate - Changing Education Paradigms – YouTube

Profits and Testing Mvt. Kaye McSpadden article: Teacher Layoffs contrasted with increased spending on technology (smart boards, software). NYC says not showing results smartboard /software companies show huge profits. Kaye McSpadden article: Teacher Layoffs contrasted with increased spending on technology (smart boards, software). NYC says not showing results smartboard /software companies show huge profits. Teacher Layoffs and spending on testing (millions). Most argue increased test results does not coincide with increased performance. Both political parties are currently in favor of increased testing, lobbyists push for this. Teacher Layoffs and spending on testing (millions). Most argue increased test results does not coincide with increased performance. Both political parties are currently in favor of increased testing, lobbyists push for this.

Defining IQ Scores The meaning of an IQ Score and MENSA The meaning of an IQ Score and MENSA The meaning of an IQ Score and MENSA The meaning of an IQ Score and MENSA

Theories of Intelligence Spearman’s General Intelligence (g/s factors) with specific abilities Spearman’s General Intelligence (g/s factors) with specific abilities Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence

Factor Analysis Activity on Factor Analysis. Activity on Factor Analysis. Q1. Which of the 12 question items appear to be related? Q1. Which of the 12 question items appear to be related? Q2. In what way are they related? Q2. In what way are they related? (Remember that this was an actual Personality Inventory designed to assess (Remember that this was an actual Personality Inventory designed to assess

Charles Spearman and Factor Analysis Factor Analysis – A statistical technique that identifies clusters of related items on a test – this enables researchers to look at various dimensions of a test. Factor Analysis – A statistical technique that identifies clusters of related items on a test – this enables researchers to look at various dimensions of a test. Factor analysis was developed by Charles Spearman to help portray general intelligence Factor analysis was developed by Charles Spearman to help portray general intelligence Spearman claimed that general intelligence (g) underlies all of the factors. Spearman claimed that general intelligence (g) underlies all of the factors. –Spearman believed that intelligence could be expressed by one single factor (g) –Many abilities/ specific factors (s) make up ones general intelligence (g). Playing football is a G and blocking or catching is a S

Charles Spearman and Factor Analysis Spearman concludes that when a subject scores well in one factor of the intelligence test, he/she also has the tendency to score well in other factors. (positive correlation) Spearman concludes that when a subject scores well in one factor of the intelligence test, he/she also has the tendency to score well in other factors. (positive correlation) –Ex. If you score well in verbal comprehension, you may also tend to score well in reasoning or spatial ability –Activity on Dyslexia, Disgraphia, Discalcula

LL Thurstone Intelligence is comprised of seven primary mental abilities Intelligence is comprised of seven primary mental abilities –Numerical, reasoning, verbal fluency, spatial, perceptual, memory, and verbal comprehension. (you do not have to memorize these) Some detection that excelling in one indicates the tendency to excel in others – leads to support of a g factor. Some detection that excelling in one indicates the tendency to excel in others – leads to support of a g factor.

Activity on Multiple Intelligences 1. Check off all that apply to you then add up your check marks. 1. Check off all that apply to you then add up your check marks. 2. Look on backside and read about the intelligences that match your check marks. 2. Look on backside and read about the intelligences that match your check marks.

Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences Multiple Intelligences - Intelligence encompasses a large range of human behavior Multiple Intelligences - Intelligence encompasses a large range of human behavior 8 types of intelligence (aka “smarts”) 8 types of intelligence (aka “smarts”) A modern Thurstone approach A modern Thurstone approach 8 KINDS OF SMART 8 KINDS OF SMART –Linguistic –Logical – mathematical –Spatial –Musical –Bodily – Kinesthetic –Intrapersonal –Interpersonal –Naturalistic intelligence –Q Which 2 intelligences are most important to succeed in school?

Multiple Intelligences Intrapersonal- know thyself- some psychologists believe very important to accept past, live in present while setting goals for future. Intrapersonal- know thyself- some psychologists believe very important to accept past, live in present while setting goals for future. Interpersonal- (people smarts). Great at making connections with people, reading their thoughts, motives, needs.etc Interpersonal- (people smarts). Great at making connections with people, reading their thoughts, motives, needs.etc

Multiple Intelligences Spatial- map reading, rubricks cube, checkers (p.434), artistic Spatial- map reading, rubricks cube, checkers (p.434), artistic Musical Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS News. (or show on next frame??) Musical Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS News. (or show on next frame??)Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS NewsMeet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS News Bodily-Kinestetic (athletes) Bodily-Kinestetic (athletes) Complete Battle of the Sexes. Complete Battle of the Sexes.

Gardner’s Theory Howard Gardner of The Multiple Intelligence Theory – YouTube Howard Gardner of The Multiple Intelligence Theory – YouTube Howard Gardner of The Multiple Intelligence Theory – YouTube Howard Gardner of The Multiple Intelligence Theory – YouTube Start at 1:10 Start at 1:10

Impact of Gardner Gardner’s Theory was impetus for schools such as the Northwest School Of Arts and Montesouri Schools Gardner’s Theory was impetus for schools such as the Northwest School Of Arts and Montesouri Schools Learning Style Learning Style One idea is that “left brained” people have an advantage over right brained in today’s society. One idea is that “left brained” people have an advantage over right brained in today’s society.

What is a Savant? Savant syndrome – a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional skill. Savant syndrome – a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional skill. Re: Examples of Savants Re: Examples of Savants –Many are also diagnosed with autism (afflict mostly males) –Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS News Meet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS NewsMeet Rex - 60 Minutes - CBS News Stephen Wiltshire: The Human Camera - YouTube Stephen Wiltshire: The Human Camera - YouTube

Robert Sternberg and the Triarchic Theory Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory - three types of intelligences exist. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory - three types of intelligences exist. –Analytical (Componential) intelligence – typical intelligence assess by intelligence tests. –Creative (Experiential) intelligence – use knowledge and experiences in creative ways –Practical (Contextual) intelligence – able to apply real-world situations

Robert Sternberg and the Triarchic Theory Intelligence is NOT ability based, rather based on context and the situation. Intelligence is NOT ability based, rather based on context and the situation. Sternberg encourages universities and employers to not only look at Analytical intelligence but also at creative and practical intelligence. Creative and practical intelligence are more realistic for everyday experiences. Sternberg encourages universities and employers to not only look at Analytical intelligence but also at creative and practical intelligence. Creative and practical intelligence are more realistic for everyday experiences.

Daniel Goleman and Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence – the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions. (Goleman called this EQ) Emotional intelligence – the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions. (Goleman called this EQ) Ex. Delaying Gratification- The Marshmallow Test. Ex. Delaying Gratification- The Marshmallow Test. EQ and IQ are both needed to succeed. EQ and IQ are both needed to succeed.

Endless Memory Endless Memory Endless Memory, Part minutes Endless Memory, Part minutes Endless Memory, Part minutes Endless Memory, Part minutes