Kate Wallace Erin Turner Jillian Abraham

What is hydrogen all about? 9% of your body is made up of hydrogen 9% of your body is made up of hydrogen Greater than 90% of all matter is hydrogen Greater than 90% of all matter is hydrogen Hydrogen is 4 times lighter than air Hydrogen is 4 times lighter than air Hydrogen can power a car with a non-polluting fuel and an electric motor Hydrogen can power a car with a non-polluting fuel and an electric motor The combustion of hydrogen produces no carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate, or sulfur emissions. It can only produce nitrous oxide (NOX) emissions under some conditions. (DOE) The combustion of hydrogen produces no carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate, or sulfur emissions. It can only produce nitrous oxide (NOX) emissions under some conditions. (DOE) The amount of energy produced by hydrogen per unit weight of fuel is about 3 times the amount of energy contained in an equal weight of gasoline, and almost 7 times that of coal. (FSEC) The amount of energy produced by hydrogen per unit weight of fuel is about 3 times the amount of energy contained in an equal weight of gasoline, and almost 7 times that of coal. (FSEC)

Why hydrogen? Solve air pollution problems Solve air pollution problems Eliminate dependence on oil Eliminate dependence on oil Eliminate oil spills Eliminate oil spills Create domestic jobs Create domestic jobs To have an energy source be made from unlimited, renewable, & sustainable resources

Advantages High safety High safety –Self-ignition = 550 vs gas at vs gas at –Disperses quickly in atmosphere –Cleans air Completes combustion of the unburned hydrocarbons that surround us Completes combustion of the unburned hydrocarbons that surround us –Stores safely Can be used to replace anything using fossil fuels unless carbon is specifically needed Can be used to replace anything using fossil fuels unless carbon is specifically needed

History of Hydrogen NASA 1 st to experiment NASA 1 st to experiment –Apollo & Gemini –By 1965 hydrogen fuel cells were standard equipment in spacecraft Fuel cell price change Fuel cell price change –NASA used niobium plated with gold as a catalyst & expensive electrolyte –Today platinum is used as catalyst $30,000 to $500 $30,000 to $500 Hydrogen fuel cells power the shuttle's electrical systems, producing a clean byproduct—pure water, which the crew drinks. You can think of a fuel cell as a battery that is constantly replenished by adding fuel to it—it never loses its charge.

-First Road Legal Hydrogen Car- In the 1960s a man named Karl Kordesch used pressurized hydrogen gas to run a car, which was stored on the roof. The remodeled Austin reached a peak power of 20 kW and a maximum speed of 80 km/h. The range was 300 km. In the 1960s a man named Karl Kordesch used pressurized hydrogen gas to run a car, which was stored on the roof. The remodeled Austin reached a peak power of 20 kW and a maximum speed of 80 km/h. The range was 300 km. The only requirement by the licensing board was a warning sign on the roof and a strict smoking prohibition in the passenger room. The only requirement by the licensing board was a warning sign on the roof and a strict smoking prohibition in the passenger room.

What hydrogen can do… Fuel today’s internal combustion engine vehicles and tomorrow’s fuel-cell vehicles Fuel today’s internal combustion engine vehicles and tomorrow’s fuel-cell vehicles Replace natural gas for heating and cooling homes and hot water heaters Replace natural gas for heating and cooling homes and hot water heaters Wind and hydroelectric plants can produce hydrogen and store energy during off-peak hours Wind and hydroelectric plants can produce hydrogen and store energy during off-peak hours Hydrogen production from hydrocarbons can produce carbon Hydrogen production from hydrocarbons can produce carbon –This carbon can be made into carbon fiber which is 10 times the strength of steel….used for auto bodies

Today hydrogen fuel cell driven car manufactured by the Daimler-Chrysler company. hydrogen fuel cell driven car manufactured by the Daimler-Chrysler company. Prototype hydrogen fuel cell attached to a bicycle. Prototype hydrogen fuel cell attached to a bicycle. –brake system powered by a fuel cell, the fuel source being hydrogen stored in a pressure tank

Hydrogen in your car Hydrogen Cycle Hydrogen is infinitely recyclable and is converted back into water The only waste in hydrogen powered cars

Where does Hydrogen come from? You must make it…. Electrolysis Electrolysis – using electricity to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen –Can do it anywhere Reforming fossil fuels Reforming fossil fuels –Using a fuel processor or a reformer to split hydrocarbons into a useful hydrogen and a harmful carbon using heat Used today with fossil fuels Used today with fossil fuels

Electricity for electrolysis? Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Hydroelectric dams Hydroelectric dams Solar power Solar power Wind turbines Wind turbines Geothermal power Geothermal power Wave and tidal power Wave and tidal power Co-generation Co-generation –a sawmill might burn bark to create power, or a landfill might burn methane that the rotting trash produces

4 Ways to Make Hydrogen Thermochemical A steam reforming process is currently used to produce hydrogen from such fuels as natural gas, coal, methanol, or even gasoline. To draw on renewable energy sources, the gasification or pyrolysis of biomass—organic material—can be used to generate a fuel gas that can be reformed into hydrogen. Thermochemical A steam reforming process is currently used to produce hydrogen from such fuels as natural gas, coal, methanol, or even gasoline. To draw on renewable energy sources, the gasification or pyrolysis of biomass—organic material—can be used to generate a fuel gas that can be reformed into hydrogen. Thermochemicalsteam reformingnatural gascoalmethanolgasificationpyrolysis Thermochemicalsteam reformingnatural gascoalmethanolgasificationpyrolysis Electrochemical The electrolysis of water produces hydrogen by passing an electrical current through it. Electrochemical The electrolysis of water produces hydrogen by passing an electrical current through it. Electrochemical Photoelectrochemical The photoelectrochemical (PEC) process produces hydrogen in one step, splitting water by illuminating a water-immersed semiconductor with sunlight. Photoelectrochemical The photoelectrochemical (PEC) process produces hydrogen in one step, splitting water by illuminating a water-immersed semiconductor with sunlight. Photoelectrochemical Photobiological Photobiological systems generally use the natural photosynthetic activity of bacteria and green algae to produce hydrogen. Photobiological Photobiological systems generally use the natural photosynthetic activity of bacteria and green algae to produce hydrogen. Photobiological bacteriagreen algae Photobiological bacteriagreen algae