United Nations Statistics Division SESSION III International Migration Statistics: concepts, definitions and sources African Institute for Economic Development and Planning Conference Room Dakar, Senegal, 8–11 September 2015 Workshop on strengthening the collection and use of international migration data for development

United Nations Statistics Division Some concepts related to international migration An immigrant of a country: An immigrant of a country: entering the country by crossing the borderentering the country by crossing the border not a usual resident of the country when enteringnot a usual resident of the country when entering staying in the country for at least one year.staying in the country for at least one year. An emigrant of a country: An emigrant of a country: leaving the country by crossing the borderleaving the country by crossing the border being a usual resident of the countrybeing a usual resident of the country staying in another country or abroad for at least one year.staying in another country or abroad for at least one year.

United Nations Statistics Division Identifying immigrants at the border Have you been in the country before? YesNo How long were you away from the country? How long do you plan to stay in the country? 3 months1.5 year How long do you plan to stay in the country? NO 3 months 12 months3 months NO YES 12 months NO YES

United Nations Statistics Division Who is an international migrant? Mr. Samuel KELODJOUE Mr. Samuel KELODJOUE Born in Mali, age 27Born in Mali, age 27 Came to Côte d’Ivoire for the first time to work, on 7 August 2014Came to Côte d’Ivoire for the first time to work, on 7 August 2014 Mr. Samuel KELODJOUE Mr. Samuel KELODJOUE Born in Mali, age 27Born in Mali, age 27 Came to Côte d’Ivoire to work on 7 August 2015Came to Côte d’Ivoire to work on 7 August 2015

United Nations Statistics Division Who is an international migrant? Mr. Hamissou KANO Mr. Hamissou KANO Lived in Cameroon, with a Cameroon citizenshipLived in Cameroon, with a Cameroon citizenship Went to France in July 2012Went to France in July 2012 Came back to live in Cameroon since July 2014Came back to live in Cameroon since July 2014

United Nations Statistics Division Who is an international migrant? Ms. Assa Gakou eps DOUMBIA Ms. Assa Gakou eps DOUMBIA Lived in NigerLived in Niger Arrived at the Burkina Faso airport on 1 March 2015, filling out an embarkation form with the following information:Arrived at the Burkina Faso airport on 1 March 2015, filling out an embarkation form with the following information: Visa to work for 5 months Visa to work for 5 months Filed an extension of stay on 1 August 2015 for another 10 monthsFiled an extension of stay on 1 August 2015 for another 10 months

United Nations Statistics Division Identifying migrants for what? Population estimates & projections Population estimates & projections Population in births in deaths in net immigrants in 2013 = Population in 2014

United Nations Statistics Division Identifying migrants for what? How many foreigners are coming to the country each year? How many foreigners are coming to the country each year? Who are they?Who are they? They are coming for what? (Study? Work?)They are coming for what? (Study? Work?) Is the labour market ready for the immigrants?Is the labour market ready for the immigrants? How many emigrated citizens are moving back to the country each year? (Diaspora) How many emigrated citizens are moving back to the country each year? (Diaspora) How many citizens are emigrating each year? How many citizens are emigrating each year?

United Nations Statistics Division Categories of inflows and outflows Usual residence of the country concerned Citizenship status when crossing border Categorization of flows Inflows of Non-residents CitizensImmigrating citizens (Group A) Foreigners Immigrating foreigners (Group B) Residents Citizens Residents returning from visits abroad Foreigners Residents returning from visits abroad Outflows of Non-residents CitizensVisitors departing after short-stay ForeignersVisitors departing after short-stay Residents CitizensEmigrating citizens (Group C) ForeignersEmigrating foreigners (Group D)

United Nations Statistics Division Population stocks related to international migration Stock of foreign-born Stock of foreign-born Stock of foreigners Stock of foreigners Stock of returned migrants (citizens) Stock of returned migrants (citizens) Stock of emigrants Stock of emigrants

United Nations Statistics Division Major sources of international migration statistics Population and housing censuses Population and housing censuses Sample surveys Sample surveys Household sample surveysHousehold sample surveys Border surveysBorder surveys Administrative sources Administrative sources Registers: population register; register of foreignersRegisters: population register; register of foreigners Issuance of residence permits; work permitIssuance of residence permits; work permit Border: embarkation and disembarkation cardsBorder: embarkation and disembarkation cards

United Nations Statistics Division Population and housing censuses (1) “The total process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analysing and publishing or otherwise disseminating demographic, economic and social data pertaining, at a specified time, to all persons in a country or in a well-delimited part of the country.” A major source of international migration statistics

United Nations Statistics Division Population and housing censuses (2) Collects basic demographic and social variables (age, sex, fertility, mortality, internal and international migration, marital status, migration, ethnoculture, education and employment) Collects basic demographic and social variables (age, sex, fertility, mortality, internal and international migration, marital status, migration, ethnoculture, education and employment) Comprehensive snapshot of a country on demographic/social status, for small area/population groups estimates Comprehensive snapshot of a country on demographic/social status, for small area/population groups estimates Every 10 years, infrequent and costly Every 10 years, infrequent and costly

United Nations Statistics Division Population and housing censuses (3) Questions related to international and/or internal migration Questions related to international and/or internal migration Country of birthCountry of birth Country of citizenship (citizenship acquisition)Country of citizenship (citizenship acquisition) Period/year of arrival in the countryPeriod/year of arrival in the country Emigration of household membersEmigration of household members Ever-lived abroad (return migrants)Ever-lived abroad (return migrants) Reason for migrationReason for migration Migration flows: Migration flows: Inter-censal flow calculationInter-censal flow calculation Use of the “duration” variableUse of the “duration” variable

United Nations Statistics Division Population and housing censuses (4) Advantages: Advantages: Universal  capturing the small proportion of migrantsUniversal  capturing the small proportion of migrants Only a small # of questions  more comparable data across countriesOnly a small # of questions  more comparable data across countries Large number of Social-economic characteristics  characterising migrants (compared to adm sources)Large number of Social-economic characteristics  characterising migrants (compared to adm sources) Small areas estimatesSmall areas estimates

United Nations Statistics Division Population and housing censuses (4) Limitations: Limitations: InfrequentInfrequent Not into causes/consequencesNot into causes/consequences Unreliable data on emigration (entire house migrated; rely on proxy respondent)Unreliable data on emigration (entire house migrated; rely on proxy respondent)

United Nations Statistics Division Sample surveys Household sample surveys Household sample surveys Specialised survey on international migrationSpecialised survey on international migration Integrating migration questions in a multi-purpose survey (LFS, DHS, living standard measurement survey etc)Integrating migration questions in a multi-purpose survey (LFS, DHS, living standard measurement survey etc) Border/passenger surveys Border/passenger surveys

United Nations Statistics Division Household sample surveys Advantages: Advantages: Wealth of information, causes and consequences (e.g., employment conditions of labour migrants)Wealth of information, causes and consequences (e.g., employment conditions of labour migrants) Able to add more questions to identify migrant groups that are of interest/flexibleAble to add more questions to identify migrant groups that are of interest/flexible Limitations: Limitations: Sample size!Sample size! Expensive (specialised survey)Expensive (specialised survey)

United Nations Statistics Division Border/passenger surveys Sampling among passengers arriving/departing at different location and time Sampling among passengers arriving/departing at different location and time Asking questions to find “migrants” (duration, country of residence, purpose) Asking questions to find “migrants” (duration, country of residence, purpose) Interviewers following a passenger and asking questions Interviewers following a passenger and asking questions Apply to Island countries (UK, for example) Apply to Island countries (UK, for example) Very expensive Very expensive

United Nations Statistics Division Administrative sources (1) Registers (population register, register of foreigners, register of asylum seekers) Registers (population register, register of foreigners, register of asylum seekers) Register/deregister rules might not be strictly followedRegister/deregister rules might not be strictly followed Border collection (arriving/departure cards) Border collection (arriving/departure cards) Purpose/duration importantPurpose/duration important Processing records require a lot of workProcessing records require a lot of work Issuance of residence permits/work permits Issuance of residence permits/work permits Register at consulates abroad Register at consulates abroad

United Nations Statistics Division Administrative sources (2) Counting of people or records? What about people crossing border multiple times in a year? Counting of people or records? What about people crossing border multiple times in a year? Coverage issue – rules for registration/de- registration not strictly followed Coverage issue – rules for registration/de- registration not strictly followed Set up for administrative rather than statistical purposes; legal provision for data exchange Set up for administrative rather than statistical purposes; legal provision for data exchange But all information is valuable – piece information together But all information is valuable – piece information together

United Nations Statistics Division Integrating multiple sources Harmonisation of concepts and definitions!!!

United Nations Statistics Division Data revolution

United Nations Statistics Division The use of mobile phone data for tourism statistics Source: Mobile Telephones and Mobile Positioning data as source for statistics: Estonian Experiences, Ahas et. Al. (2011)

United Nations Statistics Division A few points from a summary of the pre-workshop assignments (1) Almost all collecting basic information on international migration through population censuses (e.g., country of birth, citizenship and Emigration!) Almost all collecting basic information on international migration through population censuses (e.g., country of birth, citizenship and Emigration!) Specialised migration surveys are being carried out Specialised migration surveys are being carried out Migration module is incorporated in many national multi-purpose surveys Migration module is incorporated in many national multi-purpose surveys Administrative procedure is in place in almost all countries Administrative procedure is in place in almost all countries

United Nations Statistics Division A few points from a summary of the pre-workshop assignments (2) Challenges: Challenges: Linkage between collection of information and statistics is missingLinkage between collection of information and statistics is missing Many publish the volume of arrivals/departures, not directly relevant for international migrationMany publish the volume of arrivals/departures, not directly relevant for international migration Census/survey data: not a priority for compilation, takes a long time before data are made available; or data on migration are not analysedCensus/survey data: not a priority for compilation, takes a long time before data are made available; or data on migration are not analysed