C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to WORLD BEFORE THE OPENING OF THE ATLANTIC Section l: The Earliest Americans Section 2: Cultural Areas in North America Section 3: Europe During the Middle Ages Chapter 1

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  How did the first people arrive in the Americas?  Why was the development of agriculture important?  What were some aspects of early Mesoamerican cultures?  What early societies existed in North America, and what were their accomplishments? Section 1: The Earliest Americans

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Adapting to a New Climate Warmer weather at the end of the Ice Age created many new environments. Warmer weather at the end of the Ice Age created many new environments. Different environments influenced the development of Native American societies. Different environments influenced the development of Native American societies. The development of agriculture allowed many Native American groups to settle in villages and led to the rise of larger and more complex societies. The development of agriculture allowed many Native American groups to settle in villages and led to the rise of larger and more complex societies. Section 1: The Earliest Americans

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Mesoamerica and South America Olmec Society Olmec Society Called the “mother culture” Called the “mother culture” Priests created number and calendar systems; invented a method of writing that used glyphs Priests created number and calendar systems; invented a method of writing that used glyphs Maya Civilization Maya Civilization Built many large stone temples, palaces, and bridges Built many large stone temples, palaces, and bridges Created several calendars Created several calendars Studied mathematics and astronomy Studied mathematics and astronomy Section 1: The Earliest Americans

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Mesoamerica and South America Aztec Civilization Aztec Civilization Tenochtitlán – the center of Aztec civilization Tenochtitlán – the center of Aztec civilization Tenochtitlán – stood in the middle of a huge lake with raised highways connecting the city to the shore Tenochtitlán – stood in the middle of a huge lake with raised highways connecting the city to the shore Is believed that as many as 300,000 people may have lived in Tenochtitlán Is believed that as many as 300,000 people may have lived in Tenochtitlán Conquered most of their neighbors and had a vast trading network Conquered most of their neighbors and had a vast trading network (continued) Section 1: The Earliest Americans

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Early North American Societies The Anasazi The Anasazi Built their pueblos, or villages, among high hills and deep canyons Built their pueblos, or villages, among high hills and deep canyons Pueblos were made mostly of cut stone or adobe – sun-baked clay and straw – and were multistory buildings with ladders Pueblos were made mostly of cut stone or adobe – sun-baked clay and straw – and were multistory buildings with ladders Section 1: The Earliest Americans

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Early North American Societies The Hopewell The Hopewell Built large burial mounds Built large burial mounds Supported their large populations with agriculture and trade Supported their large populations with agriculture and trade The Mississippian The Mississippian Had religious practices honoring the dead Had religious practices honoring the dead Built pyramid mounds out of solid earth where religious ceremonies were held on top of the pyramids Built pyramid mounds out of solid earth where religious ceremonies were held on top of the pyramids (continued) Section 1: The Earliest Americans

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  How did the environment influence Native American cultures in North America?  What types of housing did Native Americans build?  What were various traits of Native Americans in different culture areas? Section 2: Cultural Areas in North America

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Influence of Environment The Far North The Far North Few plants grew in Arctic culture area because of extreme cold weather Few plants grew in Arctic culture area because of extreme cold weather Groups survived by fishing and hunting large mammals Groups survived by fishing and hunting large mammals Built earthen, stone, or wooden houses partly underground and sometimes used blocks of ice or other materials to build igloos for housing Built earthen, stone, or wooden houses partly underground and sometimes used blocks of ice or other materials to build igloos for housing The Pacific Coast The Pacific Coast Mild climate allowed for plentiful supply of game Mild climate allowed for plentiful supply of game Many food sources available to those living in southern region Many food sources available to those living in southern region

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Influence of Environment The West and the Southwest The West and the Southwest Less rain received in this area led to fewer resources available Less rain received in this area led to fewer resources available People used a variety of methods to obtain food, including hunting, irrigation, agriculture, and raiding other villages People used a variety of methods to obtain food, including hunting, irrigation, agriculture, and raiding other villages The Great Plains The Great Plains Were mainly grassland, on which millions of buffalo and other game grazed in herds Were mainly grassland, on which millions of buffalo and other game grazed in herds Some groups grew crops such as maize, beans, and squash Some groups grew crops such as maize, beans, and squash (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Influence of Environment The East The East Part of region was mainly forest and thus rich in sources for food and shelter Part of region was mainly forest and thus rich in sources for food and shelter The Everglades – a huge swamp that also provided many resources The Everglades – a huge swamp that also provided many resources Many in region were able to exist by farming, hunting and gathering, trading, and fishing Many in region were able to exist by farming, hunting and gathering, trading, and fishing (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Types of Housing Igloos Igloos Wigwams Wigwams Longhouses Longhouses Section 2: Cultural Areas in North America

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Cultural Traits Language Language Fishing and hunting Fishing and hunting Totems Totems Potlatches Potlatches Religious activities Religious activities Section 2: Cultural Areas in North America

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The First Migration to the Americas Many scientists believe that people first arrived in North America during the last Ice Age. Many scientists believe that people first arrived in North America during the last Ice Age. Historians rely on archaeology (the study of the unwritten past) and artifacts (remains of objects made by humans) to determine when people crossed into North America. Historians rely on archaeology (the study of the unwritten past) and artifacts (remains of objects made by humans) to determine when people crossed into North America. Section 1: The Earliest Americans

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Primary resources provide firsthand evidence of historical events. Primary sources are the evidence left behind by participants or observers.

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Examples of primary sources include: Diaries, journals, speeches, interviews, letters, memos, manuscripts and other papers in which individuals describe events in which they were participants or observers; Memoirs and autobiographies; Records of organizations and agencies of government; Published materials written at the time of the event; Photographs, audio recordings, moving pictures, video recordings documenting what happened; Artifacts of all kinds; and Research reports in the sciences and social sciences.

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The First Migration to the Americas Migrations, movement of people from one region to another, took place over a long period of time. Migrations, movement of people from one region to another, took place over a long period of time. Artifacts suggest that Paleo-Indians (during the last Ice Age), the first Americans, crossed into Alaska from Asia sometime between 38,000 and 10,000 b.c. across Beringia, a land bridge. Artifacts suggest that Paleo-Indians (during the last Ice Age), the first Americans, crossed into Alaska from Asia sometime between 38,000 and 10,000 b.c. across Beringia, a land bridge. (continued) Section 1: The Earliest Americans

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C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to OBJECTIVES  What new lands did the Vikings Explore?  What were society and daily life like during the Middle Ages?  How did the Catholic Church affect people’s lives during the Middle Ages?  What events brought about major change in the late Middle Ages? Section 3: Europe During the Middle Ages

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Viking Exploration Section 3: Europe During the Middle Ages The Vikings sailed to Europe and North America. *** The Vikings were the 1 st Europeans to land on the shores of North America. Vinland: colony est.(1000 A.D.) by Leif Eriksson in N. America. 874 AD- 1000AD

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Vocabulary: “How To” Identify & Explain the term. Give the significance/importance of the term. The glossary is a starting point, but does not contain all of the info necessary in order to write a COMPLETE explanation. Identify & Explain the term. Give the significance/importance of the term. The glossary is a starting point, but does not contain all of the info necessary in order to write a COMPLETE explanation. Who? Who? What? What? When ? When ? Where? Where? Why? Why?

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Voc: Example King John: Great great grandson of William of Normandy King John: Great great grandson of William of Normandy 1. King John: 1. King John:

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1877 SILK ROAD: Quote example for VOC. 25 “The trade of spices and goods to and from Asia and Europe remained constant, while the materials bartered slowly changed. The political boundaries as well as the national identities of the encompassing countries also were altered.”

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1877 Images: QuizVoc. Examples 26

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Vocabulary for CH.1 Sec. 3&4 1. William of Normandy William of Normandy King John II of England 2. King John II of England 3. Magna Carta(Great Charter) Magna Carta(Great Charter) Renaissance 4. Renaissance 5. Muhammad 5. Muhammad 6. Islam 6. Islam 7. Crusades 7. Crusades 8. Pope Urban II 8. Pope Urban II 9. Silk Road 9. Silk Road 10. Kublai Khan 10. Kublai Khan

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Society and Daily Life in the Middle Ages The Middle Ages lasted from about A.D. 500 to The Middle Ages lasted from about A.D. 500 to A New Government developed called feudalism. A New Government developed called feudalism. People lived on large estates called manors. People lived on large estates called manors. Life of nobility and peasants differed. Life of nobility and peasants differed. Section 3: Europe During the Middle Ages

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Catholic Church in the Middle Ages The Catholic Church was the center of religious and social life. The Catholic Church was the center of religious and social life. Christianity-esp. the Catholic Church influenced culture and politics. Christianity-esp. the Catholic Church influenced culture and politics. Monasteries and convents were important to Christian men and women. ***Centers of education & book production.**** Monasteries and convents were important to Christian men and women. ***Centers of education & book production.**** Section 3: Europe During the Middle Ages

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C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Map Explained William first moved his invasion fleet from the River Dives in Normandy to St. Valery. The fleet landed at Pevensey without opposition and William defeated Harold at Hastings. Dover was the next target as William needed the important Channel crossing point. Canterbury fell and William marched to London. He was forced back and marched around London via Newbury and Wallingford to Berkhamsted. Here the Archbishop of York and the Earls met William and accepted him as their new king. FRANCE ENGLAND

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Major Change in the Late Middle Ages Nobles lost power to growing kingdoms- ex=England & France. Nobles lost power to growing kingdoms- ex=England & France. Monarchs built new nations. Monarchs built new nations William of Normandy conquered England William of Normandy conquered England. King John II of England(ggreat grandson of Wm. of Normandy) misused his royal power & the nobles rebelled against him. King John II of England(ggreat grandson of Wm. of Normandy) misused his royal power & the nobles rebelled against him. Section 3: Europe During the Middle Ages

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to **King John II was forced in 1215 to sign the Magna Carta- it limited English monarchs’ power and protected some individual rights. **The Magna Carta(The Great Charter) was one of the 1st documents to help protect the rights of individuals.

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C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Cities grew, Trade expanded, & Agricultural innovations led to population growth in England. Cities grew, Trade expanded, & Agricultural innovations led to population growth in England. Renaissance: began in Italy around 1300 = “rebirth” of interest in the arts-esp. of ancient Greece & Rome, science, and intellectual thought that helped bring about the Age of Exploration/Discovery in the 1400s. Renaissance: began in Italy around 1300 = “rebirth” of interest in the arts-esp. of ancient Greece & Rome, science, and intellectual thought that helped bring about the Age of Exploration/Discovery in the 1400s. *Encouraged people to value human achievement. *Encouraged people to value human achievement. To seek glory through adventure, discovery, & conquest To seek glory through adventure, discovery, & conquest

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Commercial Revolution & Renaissance Change Europe Commercial Revolution: Merchants conduct business =more aggressive abt making profit. Capital: money or property used to earn more $ Capital: money or property used to earn more $ Cities grew rich from trade. Cities grew rich from trade. Banks were created. Banks were created. Joint stock companies: businesses formed by a group of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses- Reduces risks for merchants. Joint stock companies: businesses formed by a group of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses- Reduces risks for merchants.

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Renaissance encourages exploration Renaissance encourages exploration & communication, exchange of ideas. EXAMPLES Johannes Gutenberg’s Printing Press helped spread PROTESTANT REFORMATION & new ideas of science and literature from Renaissance. Johannes Gutenberg’s Printing Press helped spread PROTESTANT REFORMATION & new ideas of science and literature from Renaissance. New techno advances: Astrolabe & Magnetic Compass, Caravel, used in navigation of the waters. New techno advances: Astrolabe & Magnetic Compass, Caravel, used in navigation of the waters. Sec. 1:

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to 1877 The Sahara Highway Trading network connects West Africa to North Africa, Europe, Asia Traders(Berbers) bring Islam; by 1200s court religion of Mali (Timbuktu center of Islamic learning & Culture), Muhamad founded Islam 610 AD: teach the word of Allah The Portuguese Arrive By 1470s, Portuguese have coastal outpost near Akan goldfields Portuguese: 1 st to begin European trade in West African slaves First slaves work on plantation—large farm with single crop West Africa Connects with the Wider World

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Portuguese Exploration: AFRICA Prince Henry the Navigator: *Founded school - Portugal - study & improve navigation of SEAS *Mapmakers helped w/ Exploration *Caravel *Compass

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Silk Road: dangerous & unreliable b/c- bandit raids & political changes Asia 1400s. Example: Portugal sought a sea route in 1400 b/c Venice monopolized Asian trade along Silk Road. *Portugal1 st to find ALL water route to ASIA Bartolomeu Dias: 1488 discovered Cape of Good Hope could be Sailed around “ TOTAL CONTROL”

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Africa: long distance trade networks developed in West Africa by Berbers: African nomads who used camels to carry goods across the desert(Sahara). ***Timbuktu,Mali: became the center of Islamic culture & learning b/c Mali’s rulers embraced Islam.

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Vasco da Gama(Portuguese) sailed around Cape of Good Hope & explored India. (1498) learns THAT India already EST.= long trade w/ Muslim & Italian Merchants. Vasco da Gama(Portuguese) sailed around Cape of Good Hope & explored India. (1498) learns THAT India already EST.= long trade w/ Muslim & Italian Merchants.

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Sailing around the Globe Ferdinand Magellan finds western water route to Asia in Ferdinand Magellan finds western water route to Asia in Magellan finds a passageway (strait) at the southern tip of South America (Cape Horn) which became known as the Strait of Magellan. Magellan finds a passageway (strait) at the southern tip of South America (Cape Horn) which became known as the Strait of Magellan. Magellan’s crew is the first to circumnavigate the world. Sail all the way around the world. Magellan’s crew is the first to circumnavigate the world. Sail all the way around the world. Changed name from South Sea to Pacific Ocean Changed name from South Sea to Pacific Ocean

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C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Trade with Africa and Asia Western Europeans want to find new sea route for trade with Africa and Asia… WHY? = EEL 2 E arn $$$ 2 E arn $$$ 2 E nsure way 2 get trade goods 2 E nsure way 2 get trade goods 2 L earn other cultures 2 L earn other cultures Sec. 1: Europeans Set Sail

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Portuguese Exploration: AFRICA Est. trading posts 2 supply ships along W. coast Africa. Est. trading posts 2 supply ships along W. coast Africa. Develop relationships w/ local rulers and merchants for GISS Develop relationships w/ local rulers and merchants for GISS Warfare: kingdoms W. Africa b/c of slave trade among African kingdoms & European Countries= 1 st =Porugal. Warfare: kingdoms W. Africa b/c of slave trade among African kingdoms & European Countries= 1 st =Porugal. Break up of W. African families b/c of slave trade =consequence of Portuguese exploration Break up of W. African families b/c of slave trade =consequence of Portuguese exploration Sec.1: Europeans Set Sail

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to African Kingdoms Long distance trade networks developed in Africa. Long distance trade networks developed in Africa. MOST valued trade goods from Africa. GISS MOST valued trade goods from Africa. GISS Gold Gold Ivory Ivory Salt Salt Slaves Slaves

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Ch. 1/Sec 4: Empires in Asia Emperor Kublai Kahn in 1279 expanded Chinese trade with the western world Emperor Kublai Kahn in 1279 expanded Chinese trade with the western world The SILK ROAD opened up overland trading routes. Gold, silk, & spices made way to Europe. The SILK ROAD opened up overland trading routes. Gold, silk, & spices made way to Europe. Europeans valued SILK & SPICES more than any other trade goods from Asian merchants. Europeans valued SILK & SPICES more than any other trade goods from Asian merchants.

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Silk & Spices

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Silk Road: Dangerous & Unreliable -1.bandit raids -2.political changes Asia 1400s

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Crusades: were military expeditions in the name of Christianity that took place during the Middle Ages Christians try & regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. -Christians failed to “rescue” the Holy Land -Consequences of Crusades 1. Encouraged European Exploration & Expansion 2. Sparked interest in trade b/c Crusaders returned w/ Asian “new” Asian goods 3. Weakened power of European nobles b/c many were killed or lost their fortunes as result of Crusades.

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to THE CRUSADES New Trade Routes whetted European appetites for luxuries The growth of towns est. new trade opportunitie s & new markets Monarchies were strengthened, giving them resources fro overseas exploration Monarchs began looking for overseas wealth to maintain their large armies & bureaucracies RESULT??? European Exploration of the Americas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Map of the Crusades

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Chapter 1 Section 4 The spread of Islam: trades from North Africa brought Islamic faith across Sahara & it spread quickly to Middle East The spread of Islam: trades from North Africa brought Islamic faith across Sahara & it spread quickly to Middle East In 622, in Arabia, Muhammad founded Islam to spread the word of Allah. In 622, in Arabia, Muhammad founded Islam to spread the word of Allah. Islamic teachings are found in their holy book called the Qur’an. (Koran) Islamic teachings are found in their holy book called the Qur’an. (Koran) *Timbuktu: became the center of Islamic culture & learning b/c Mali’s rulers embraced Islam. *Timbuktu: became the center of Islamic culture & learning b/c Mali’s rulers embraced Islam.

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C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to What are the names of these 3 people & what is their connection ?

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (Spain) agree to finance Columbus’ voyage. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (Spain) agree to finance Columbus’ voyage. Queen Isabella= devout Catholic. wanted to convert “natives” to Christianity: Catholicism. Used to justify explorations. Queen Isabella= devout Catholic. wanted to convert “natives” to Christianity: Catholicism. Used to justify explorations. Spain: want to reach East Indies so compete w/ Portugal b/c Portugal #1 in exploration of this time. Spain: want to reach East Indies so compete w/ Portugal b/c Portugal #1 in exploration of this time. Common European name for Asia was the Indies. Common European name for Asia was the Indies. Columbus receives appointment of admiral and governor of the lands that he discovers. (Viceroy) Columbus receives appointment of admiral and governor of the lands that he discovers. (Viceroy)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Reach Asia by sailing WEST across the Atlantic “Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492” Idea considered daring & impossible b/c long journey. *Aug. 3, Columbus left Palos, Spain with 3ships: Niña, Pinta & Santa Maria 3ships *Oct 12-Land sighted by crew on Pinta. C.C.named the island San Salvador

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Columbus’s 1st Exploration Searched for riches &Explored islands Searched for riches &Explored islands Taino: first people Columbus came into contact with. Taino: first people Columbus came into contact with. Actually landed in the Bahamas- island group Actually landed in the Bahamas- island group Thought landed in East Indies=NOT! Thought landed in East Indies=NOT! REASON he called the first people he encountered “INDIANS” REASON he called the first people he encountered “INDIANS” Sec. 2: Voyages to the Americas

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Reactions of Spain & Portugal King Ferdinand asks= Pope Alexander VI King Ferdinand asks= Pope Alexander VI to create an imaginary boundary line showing the landthat Spain could explore & claim. Line of Demarcation1493: imaginary line that marked the lands Spain could explore. Spain could explore any lands WEST of this line. This made Portugal (King John II) mad. Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 Spain &Portugal as a compromise. The Line of Demar. Was moved 800 miles farther west: giving Portugal more opportunity to claim lands unexplored by Europeans. Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 Spain &Portugal as a compromise. The Line of Demar. Was moved 800 miles farther west: giving Portugal more opportunity to claim lands unexplored by Europeans. BRAZIL: explored by Portugal- reason they speak Portuguese. BRAZIL: explored by Portugal- reason they speak Portuguese.

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Spain gets all new lands west of line & Portugal gets all new lands east of line.

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to The Columbian Exchange: explorers carried plants, animals & diseases to the “New World”, but also brought back to plants & animals to the “Old World” Europeans – helped Europeans because they obtained new crops and animals Europeans – helped Europeans because they obtained new crops and animals American Indians – also helped American Indians obtain new crops and animals; harmed American Indians, however, because they were killed by European diseases American Indians – also helped American Indians obtain new crops and animals; harmed American Indians, however, because they were killed by European diseases Section 4: The Opening of the Atlantic

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to PG. 33 in textbook

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Beginnings to Would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean & Increased European interest in North America Would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean & Increased European interest in North America Jacques Cartier: French explorer : (1500s) of eastern Canada & sailed the St. Lawrence River all the way to Montreal (present day). Looking for N.W. passage. Jacques Cartier: French explorer : (1500s) of eastern Canada & sailed the St. Lawrence River all the way to Montreal (present day). Looking for N.W. passage. Samuel de Champlain: French explorer responsible for most of French claims to Canada. Also discovered the Great Lakes-had help from the Huron Indians. Samuel de Champlain: French explorer responsible for most of French claims to Canada. Also discovered the Great Lakes-had help from the Huron Indians. Neither Cartier, Champlain or Hudson ever found a N.W. PASSAGE. This did not cause a lack of interest in exploration. Neither Cartier, Champlain or Hudson ever found a N.W. PASSAGE. This did not cause a lack of interest in exploration.

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