Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points 1918: Success and Failure in ]mplementation 1. Open covenants of peace openl y arri ved at Not fulfilled 2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas in peace and war Not fulfilled 3. Removal of all economic barriers to the equality of trade among nations Not fulfilled 4. Reduction of armaments to the level needed only for domestic safety Not fulfilled 5. Impartial adjustment of colonial claims Not fulfilled 6. Evacuation of all Russian territory; Russia to be welcomed into the society of free nations Not fulfilled 7. Evacuation and restoration of Belgium Fulfilled 8. Evacuation and restoration of all French lands; return of Alsace-Lorraine to France Fulfilled 9. Readjustment of Italy's frontiers along lines of Italian nationality Compromised 10. Self-determination for the former subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Compromised 11. Evacuation of Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro; free access to the sea of Serbia Compromised 12. Self -determination for the former subjects of the Ottoman empire; secure sovereignty for Turkish portion Compromised 13. Establishment of an independent Poland, with free and secure access to the sea Fulfilled 14. Establishment of a League of Nations affording mutual guarantees of independence and territorial integrity Not fulfilled

Dividing the Central Powers’ Colonies - Look familiar?

French Indochin(e)a, Ho Chi Minh, Woodrow Wilson, and the Treaty of Versailles Prelude to America’s “Longest War”

Versailles and the Great Hall of Mirrors

David Lloyd-George, Georges Clemenceau – the host, and Woodrow Wilson arrive at Versailles for negotiations

The BIG FOUR – L to R – David Lloyd-George (Br), Vittorio Orlando (It), Georges Clemenceau (Fr), & Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)

Wilson’s Treaty “Campaign” Wilson vs. The Irreconcilables – “Taking it to the People”, but NOT to Congress

The Irreconcilables & the Reservationists – What don’t they like about the treaty? The Reservationists Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Senate Leader Mass. ® Disliked the treaty For Political Reasons. Sound familiar?

The Irreconcilables - Senator Frank Norris Neb.(R) Robert Lafollette, Sr. Wis. ® Argued that the treaty would commit the U.S. to “foreign entanglements” permanently. Pushed for “isolationism” – a return to pre WW I neutrality – the treaty would involve the U.S. in a “world organization.” Senator William Borah Idaho ®

Irreconcilables/Isolationists Issues with the Treaty of Versailles 1. Did NOT recognize the Monroe Doctrine/Roosevelt Corollary i.e. our right “to” the Western Hemisphere. 2. Did NOT recognize member nations’ right to have authority over own (internal) affairs/policies. 3. No provision for withdrawing from the League of Nations 4. Did NOT recognize Congress’ role in Foreign Policy i.e. the Senate’s approval of ALL treaties

The Treaty of Versailles is Rejected by the Senate after 55 days of debate, and Without Reservations – The United States settled a separate peace with Germany in August 1921.

Our “First” Woman President?

Social Implications Union membership UP Women in the workforce UP – 43% in Russia, up in Gr Br. “male roles” now open Social Class gap narrowed Loss of Generation felt throughout Europe

Political Implications First two years of war, loyalty was high, sharp decline afterwards Irish Independence movement French Left challenges Clemenceau – declares martial law – increases Presidential powers Greater Ethnic autonomy – Poland, Baltic States, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia…

Revolution in Germany Nov 1918 – Liberals and Moderates took control of the Central Gov’t – Moderates not “Real” Revolutionaries “pink, not red.” Social Democrats end the war as the Kaiser abdicates and is in exile in Holland