c. 1880 - 1910

“Artichoke Wallpaper,” c1897 Began in Britain, spread to America Rejected: The eclectic historicism and excessive ornamentation of earlier and concurrent Victorian styles The cold, impersonal aesthetics brought on by the Industrial Revolution William Morris, “Artichoke Wallpaper,” c1897

“Artichoke Wallpaper,” c1897 Embraced: A closer relationship between designer, maker, and object The integration of art into life Objects and furniture that were smaller, less ornamented, more hand-crafted William Morris, “Artichoke Wallpaper,” c1897

John Ruskin The leading writer on art and design in Britain.

Sketches and watercolor by Ruskin Inspired by Pugin, Ruskin advocated the design of the past, but was not married to Gothic Style – or any one style.

Socialism Ruskin Believed that machines and factory work limited human happiness Advocated finding joy in work through a closer relationship with craft

William Morris Founder of the Arts and Crafts Movement Artisanal production improved laborers’ conditions and edified society

William Morris. “How I Became a Socialist,” London: Twentieth Century Press, 1896. "... what I mean by Socialism is a condition of society ... in which all men would be living in equality of condition, and would manage their affairs unwastefully, and with the full consciousness that harm to one would mean harm to all - the realization at last of the meaning of the word COMMONWEALTH."

10-13 Walter Crane, trademark for Chiswick Press, 1898 Walter

10-17 William Morris (designer) and Walter Crane (illustrator), title‑page spread for The Story of the Glittering Plain, 1894.

Two examples of Morris & Co. fabric Frontispiece for William Morris’s Kelmscott Press edition of the writings of John Ruskin, c.1891. Two examples of Morris & Co. fabric

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