I. Clarifications chronology of governments  Estates General National Assembly  Natl. Assembly Natl. Convention  Natl. Convention the Directory  Directory the Consulate (Napoleon)

II. Napoleon  established a strong dictatorship needed to create unity & end civil strife in France  previous career in French army  after the coup d’état, Napoleon became first consul (essentially, a dictator)  became Emperor Napoleon I in 1804 painting, p. 564 The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the TuileriesThe Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, by Jacques-Louis David, 1812 Jacques-Louis David

III. Domestic Policies  Catholic Church signed the Concordat of 1801 w/ Pope Pius VII Catholics could practice faith in France, but French govt. had much control over church  Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) a single law code recognized equality before the law, religious toleration, abolition of serfdom, recognition of some rights (inc. property rights) fewer rights for women is still the basis for the French legal system today

 Bureaucracy was a thoroughly centralized state, w/ Napoleon at the head promotions based upon ability ○ created a new nobility to reward his most talented generals & officials  BUT... replaced a republic w/ a despot censorship of the press surveillance by government police

IV.Foreign Policy  how to end the conflict in Europe? Treaty of Amiens (1802) temporarily ended the warfare increased Napoleon’s popularity in France  BUT – Napoleon still wanted to restrict British trade began preparing to invade England in 1803 ○ sale of Louisiana Territory to US (1803) British defeated Napoleon’s naval forces at the Battle of Trafalgar (Oct. 21, 1805) ○ see map, p. 567  Austria, Russia & Sweden joined GB to oppose Napoleon’s efforts to conquer Europe

 the new European coalition did not fare well  Napoleon created his Grand Empire map, p France & its immediate neighbors 2. Dependent states 3. Allied states  Napoleon began to see himself as the emperor of Europe (not just France)  Continental System – aimed to stop British goods from reaching ports on the European continent, and thus weaken GB Great Britain responded with its own blockade the conflict between GB & France created the conditions that led to the War of 1812 (US)

V. Invasion of Russia  Russia had left the Continental System  June 1812 – 600,000 French soldiers invaded Russia included French nationals & soldiers from the dependent states  the Russians used a “scorched earth” tactic to slow Napoleon down  Napoleon’s forces retreated, but were hampered by the Russian winter, starvation & the Russian army 370,000 men died; 200,000 taken prisoner

VI. The Battle of Waterloo  after his Russian defeat, Napoleon abdicated the throne on April 4, 1814 was exiled on the island of Elba (map, p. 567) restoration of French monarchy – Louis XVIII  Napoleon escaped in February 1815 & began to assemble a new army  the European allies rose up to stop him... again Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815) ○ in Belgium, British & Prussian forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon’s forces for the last time ○ map, p. 567

VII. Napoleon’s Final Exile  was exiled to the island of St. Helena off the west African coast (map, p. 569)  died of stomach cancer in May 1821  originally buried on St. Helena; his body was re-entombed in Paris in 1840 Tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte in Hôtel des Invalides in Paris (France) Hôtel des Invalides