Recite a prayer…(15 seconds)

Course Contents Content 10 chapter: Chapter 1:INTRODUCTION OF CRM Chapter 2:GENERATION OF CRM Chapter 3:CRM SITUATIONAL AWARENESS Chapter 4:COGNITIVE SKILL –DECISION MAKING Chapter 5:INTERPERSONAL-COMMUNICATION SKILLS mid-test Chapter 6:INTERPERSONAL-TEAMWORKS Chapter 7:WORKLOAD Chapter 8:PERSONAL&ATTITUDE Chapter 9:STRESS Chapter 10:SLEEP,JETLAG,FATIGUE

Learning Outcomes At the end of this lecture, student should be able to: ◦ Realize the importance of good decision making process especially in the flight. ◦ Acquire the skills in decision making process. ◦ Understand the impact of good/bad decision making. 3

Crew Resources Management Lecture 4: Cognitive Skills: Decision Making 4

Outline for the Presentation 1. CRM skills (review) 2. Introduction 3. Factors influence the Decision Making 4. Factors of poor Decision making 5. Factors promote good Decision Making 6. Decision Making Process 7. Case Study 8. Successful Decision Making 9. Conclusion 10. Q-BANK 5

6 Cognitive and Interpersonal Skills Cognitive Skills Situational Awareness Decision Making Interpersonal Skills Communications Teamwork 6

Major Causes of Human Error in Aircraft Accidents Lack of Situational Awareness Poor Decision Making Lack of Communication Lack of Teamwork Lack of Resources Lack of Knowledge Lack of Assertiveness Distraction Pressure & Stress Crew Fatigue 7

What is your Decision ? Introduction 8

Decision Making 9 Every time, we faced to a condition so that we have to make a decision: In the morning, when the bell ringing,... Wake up or not..?

What is the DECISION MAKING? ~~The ability to use logical and sound judgment to make decisions based on available information.~~ 10

What is DECISION MAKING? An understanding of decision-making process provides a flight crew with a foundation for developing decision-making skills. Engine failures, require a flight crew to respond immediately using established procedures with little time for detailed analysis. During flight, there is a little time to examine any changes occur (problem), gather information, and assess risk before reaching a decision. 11

The Dominant factors influence human decision making Perception /Situational awareness Stress Human cultural 12

WHAT CAUSES ACCIDENTS? From the study, approximately 80 percent of all air crashes caused by human error. the NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board) further breaks down human errors into the following categories: (National Transportation Safety Board) HUMAN ERROR CHART 13 Unprofessional Attitudes47% Visual Perception Misjudgment19% Pilot Technique21% Inflight Judgment or Decision5% Improper Operation of Equip.6% Unknown Causes4%

Factors that lead to Poor Decision Making What’s are the factors lead to poor decision making?: – Initiating flights under poor conditions. (ex: heavy fog) – Continuing flights in worst conditions. (ex: fire catch in the cabin, unpressurized aircraft) – Operating aircraft beyond their limits. (ex: No adequate fuels, flying outside the envelope) – Operating an un-airworthy aircraft. 14

Factors which promote good Decision Making Teamwork Extra time to make decision Alert crew members Decision strategies and experience 15

Example when the decision making takes place: Situation 1 Time is late and the captain is in a hurry to take-off. But the runway visibility is poor due to fog. DECISION? Situation 2 Low oil pressure reading indicate that the engine is about to fail. DECISION? 16

Cont. Situation 3 The pilot recognize there is insufficient fuel to reach the destination. DECISION? Situation 4 The aircraft is flying to towards a thunderstorm and the co-pilot see a big re dot in aircraft weather radar. But, captain don’t want to avoid the thunderstorm. DECISION? 17

Ans.: Use DECISION MAKING PROCESS Every problems needs good decision. How you would create decisions in order to overcome problems? 18

Decision Making Process 1. Begins with Good Situational Awareness 2. Define the Problems 3. Evaluate Situations 4. Gather all Information 5. Identify all possible solutions 6. Consider consequences of possible actions 6. Make decisions and evaluate the results of D. Making 19 What needs to be corrected? What resources do you have? Evaluate decision

2. Define the Problems Correctly How to recognize the problem? ◦ A problem is perceived first by the senses, and then distinguished through insight (deep perception) and experience. ◦ An objective analysis of all available information that use to determine the exact nature and severity of the problem. 20

Cont. INCORRECT DEFINING THE PROBLEM can lead to the error in decision making. (Example: a low oil pressure reading could indicate that the engine is about to fail and an emergency landing should be planned or it could mean that the oil pressure sensor has failed.) The problem that does not exist can divert attention from important tasks. So, once initial assumption is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the conclusion is correct. 21

3. Evaluate Situations Evaluate the need to react to the identified/defined problem. Determine the actions that may be taken to resolve the situations. 22

4. Gather all information and available Resources A flight crew must become aware of the resources found both inside and outside the cockpit. Resources must be identified first. Evaluate whether there is time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use will have upon the safety of the flight. For example, the assistance of air traffic control (ATC) may be very useful if a flight crew become lost. However, in an emergency situation when action needs to be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately. 23

5. Identify all possible solution In depth understanding of all the equipment and systems in the airplane is necessary to fully utilize all resources. ◦ For example, advanced navigation and autopilot systems are valuable resources. However, if flight crews do not fully understand how to use this equipment, or they rely on it so much it can become harm to safe flight. 24

Cont. Examples of available resources that can used: ◦ Equipment  E.g. Autopilot system, navigation system and other cockpit instruments. ◦ Checklist  Essential cockpit resources for verifying that the airplane instruments and systems are checked, set, operating properly, and proper procedures are performed if there is a system malfunction or in- flight emergency. 25

Cont. ◦ Flight Manual  E.g.: Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and Flight crew’s Operating Handbook (POH)  Essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving in-flight malfunction. ◦ Passengers  Help watch the traffic  Provide information of irregular situation ◦ Flight Crew  Provide information of irregular situation to the captain.  Provide the status of passenger. 26

Cont. ◦ ATC and flight service specialist  Greatest external resources during flight.  ATC can help decrease flight crew workload by providing traffic advisories, radar vectors, and assistance in emergency situations.  Flight service stations can provide updates on weather, answer questions about airport conditions, and may offer direction-finding assistance. 27

6. Consider consequences The consequence of all possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before deciding on a response to the situation. The expected outcome of each possible action must be considered along with the an assessment of the risk involved. 28

7. Make Decision and evaluate It is important to think ahead and determine how the decision could affect other phases of the flight. Flight crew must continue to evaluate the outcome of the decision to ensure that it is producing the desired result. 29

Case Study 1980, Lockheed Tri-Star Riyadh to Jeddah. 30 Safe landing but all 301 persons died. WHY?

PROBABLE CAUSE: "The initiation of a fire in the C-3 cargo compartment. The source of the ignition of the fire is undetermined. Factors contributing to the fatal results of this accident were 1 ) the failure of the captain to prepare the cabin crew for immediate evacuation upon landing and his failure in not making a maximum stop landing on the runway, with immediate evacuation, 2) the failure of the captain to properly utilize his flight crew throughout the emergency 3) the failure of headquarters management personnel to ensure that its personnel had adequate equipment and training to function as required during an emergency." 31

Conclusion Remember!!: ◦ Don’t overlook the basic airman tasks at hand while addressing other priorities. ◦ Good decisions minimize errors, while poor decisions increase them. ◦ Each decision affects your future options ◦ Poor decision making is a leading cause of failure to complete missions and of mishaps 32

Poor Decision Making Don’t overlook the basic airman tasks at hand while addressing other priorities. 33 The aircraft experienced a landing gear problem while on approach to runway 28R at Portland International Airport. The aircraft ran out of fuel while the crew circled in an attempt to remedy the problem.

Good Decision Making Although the aircraft crashed, the crew managed to land on a runway saving 187 of 298. The CRM & Decision Making utilized by the crew is professionalism in aviation. 34 A United Air Lines DC-10 crashed at Sioux City, Iowa after an engine explosion caused the total loss of all hydraulics at FL370. The crew was able to control the plane only with engine throttle settings. Miraculously, 187 of 298 aboard survived. (July 19, 1989)

Successful Decision Making Successful decision making requires a pilot to evaluate an entire range of possible responses to the detected change and determine the best course of action. Use all available information from human and hardware sources in identifying potential or real problems. Always evaluate and crosscheck the available information in the operational environment to support or re-evaluate your actions. 35

Q-BANK Briefly explain how the air crew would create good decisions to overcome the problem using step- by-step of decision making process? Give three (3) factors that lead to poor decision making. Name five (5) human factors in aviation and explain how they can cause poor CRM 36