2. “ A location on an aerodrome movement area with a history or potential risk of collision or runway incursion, and where heightened attention by pilots/drivers is necessary.” Hot Spots

3. “Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take-off of aircraft.” Runway Incursions

4. Did you know?  On average there are two runway incursions everyday in Europe  67% caused by poor communication and radio misunderstandings  39% of manual handling errors by flight crews occurred in good weather  Human error and technical failures are generally the cause of runway incursions  More than 50% of all pilots report that they have been involved in a runway incursion during their career

6. 3 main reasons for Runway Incursions *caused by non-airborne aircraft and vehicles* 1. Misunderstanding of information or instructions provided Example: Problems can easily occur through communication breakdowns. This can be due to language barriers, accents, radio interference and technical failure. 2. Incorrect information or instructions provided Example: Heavy workload and access to information that is ‘data rich – information poor’ 3. Lack of concentration and focus Example: ATC delivers instructions, instruction is repeated and confirmed by pilot but then the pilot executes differently due to lacking concentration.

8. Misunderstanding information or Instructions or lack there of Air Traffic Controller  Radio Traffic (The sender’s point of view) -Poor transmission quality -Disturbance in the communication -Poor language -Conditional Clearance  Data available instead of information - ‘Data rich – Information poor’ Example: Too many screens that provide data in the Control Tower. ATC sort and analyze data instead of focus on important/critical information.  Technical aids -Error in the technical systems Mobile Vehicles and Aircraft  Radio Traffic (The receiver’s point of view) - Poor transmission quality -Disturbance in the communication -Poor language -Conditional Clearance  Human factor/mistakes - Pilot repeat a command from ATC but executes another  Technical aids - Error in the technical systems  Only access to Audio information - Misunderstanding when solely relying on verbal communication and no visual communication/guidance

10. Air Traffic Controller Heavy workload  The Technical systems allow ATC to make mistakes Example: ATC should not be able to shut down the Stop Bar if there are no planes occupying the runway Data available instead of information  ‘Data rich – Information poor’ Example: Too many screens that provide data in the Control Tower. ATC sort and analyze data instead of focus on important and critical information. Stress factor  When an unusual situation presents itself and the ‘standard phrases’ between ATC and Pilot/driver are not followed Mobile Vehicles and Aircraft When only verbal communication is provided to the Pilot, the Pilot has nothing to cross reference to help determine incorrect information or instructions.  As a minimum, the Runway should always be protected with a Stop Bar, independent of weather conditions.  If audio information is complemented with visual guidance, the Pilot is given the possibility to understand when information given is faulty. Provided/been given wrong information/instruction

11. Misinformed Stakeholders During the Docking Procedure Description of problem Consequences  Passive azimuth guidance (VDGS) does not measure the aircraft position  Incorrect information to Ground Personnel, pilots and PBB operator, which may lead to confusion  The use of passive azimuth guidance (VDGS) against ICAO 5.3.25.10, ICAO 5.3.26 (2013) and EN 50512.  When not measuring the azimuth position, the system cannot communicate the guidance to all stakeholders.  Risk of wrong decisions being made, which may lead to accidents.  Insurance may not be valid when deviating from standards. 1

12. Air Traffic Controller Data available instead of information  Data rich – ‘Information poor’ Example: Too many screens that provide data in the Control Tower. ATC sort and analyze data instead of focus on important and critical information. Human factor When an unusual situation presents itself and the ‘standard phrases’ between ATC and Pilot/driver are not followed Mobiles Data available instead of information  ‘Data rich – Information poor’ Example: Distraction can occur when Pilots focus on the “wrong things” instead of the critical things at that specific moment Human factor When an unusual situation presents itself and the ‘standard phrases’ between ATC and Pilot/driver are not followed Loss of focus when attention is diverted

14. Conclusion Nearly all communication issues derive from the use of radio transmissions. We have identified that when you rely solely on radio transmissions to communicate with aircraft or mobile vehicles, issues can arise.  We analyzed 6 months worth of accident reports and historical data. We found:  Roughly 82% has occurred when a Stop Bar was not in operation or not used properly.  In order to reduce runway incursions, we must discover ways to assist the Air Traffic Controllers and to provide visual information without increasing their workload.

15. Complement verbal information with active visual information  E.g. Stop Bars in all weather  E.g. Lead-On Lights in all weather Update passive visual information to active visual information  E.g. Stop Bars automatically switched on  E.g. Lead-On lights automatically switched On and Off  E.g. ‘Non applicable signage’ switched off Provide ATC of actual status instead as of today´s expected status - Automatic feedback when Aircraft location deviate - Confirmed Stop Bars status -Confirmation of correct Pilot action taken How can you prepare for issues? Step by step approach:

16. Thank You