1. Mission Aircrew Course Chapter 14: Crew Resources Management (Feb 2005)

2. m P-2028 DISCUSS CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (S, P) Aircrew Tasks

3. m Discuss the fundamentals of Crew Resource Management (CRM) m Discuss failures and error chain. {O; 14.2} m Discuss situational awareness. {O; 14.3} m Discuss how to regain SA once lost. {14.4} m Describe barriers to communications. {O; 14.5} m Define/discuss task saturation. {O; 14.6} m Discuss assignments and coordination of duties. {O; 14.8} Objectives

4. Why CRM? m Properly trained aircrew members can collectively perform complex tasks better and make more accurate decisions than the single best performer on the team m An untrained team's overall performance can be significantly worse than the performance of its weakest single member m We will cover behavior and attitudes of teamwork and communication among team members

5. Why CRM? m CAP19961997199819992000 m Aircraft accidents95631 m Per 100,000 hours7.794.164.762.340.94 m A/C flight incidents2827191216 m A/C ground incidents78368 m Fatalities72320

6. Why CRM? m MISHAP199819992000 m Taxi949 m Ground463 m Landing8810 m Other432

7. Failures m Parts and equipment. Mechanical failures m People. Human failures

8. The Error Chain m A series of event links that, when considered together, cause a mishap m Should any one of the links bebroken, then the mishap probably will not occur m It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain

9. Situational Awareness (SA) m Know what is going on around you at all times m Requires: Good mental health Good physical health Attentiveness Inquisitiveness

10. Loss of SA m Strength of an Idea m Hidden agenda m Complacency m Accommodation m Sudden Loss of Judgement

11. Symptoms of Loss of SA m Fixation m Ambiguity m Complacency m Euphoria m Confusion m Distraction m Overload

12. Hazardous Attitudes m Anti-authority m Impulsiveness m Invulnerability m Macho m Resignation m Get There It-us

13. Regaining SA m Reduce workload: Suspend the mission. m Reduce threats: Get away from the ground and other obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude). Establish a stable flight profile where you can safely analyze the situation. m Remember: Aviate, Navigate, Communicate

14. How do we get it back? m Trust your gut feelings m Time Out, Abort, or This is Stupid. Pilot establishes aircraft in a safe and stable configuration, and then discuss the problem m Sterile Cockpit Limit talk to the minimum necessary for safety. Taxi, takeoff, departure, low-level flying, approach, landing

15. QUESTIONS?

16. Barriers to Communication m Hearing The biological function of receiving sounds, converting them to electrical impulses, and having the brain interpret them m Listening Correctly identifying what the sender has sent in their message

18. Barriers to Communication m Distracters Physical/Mental: Noise, static, simultaneous transmissions; fatigue and stress Wording: Incomplete or ambiguous message, too complex or uses unfamiliar terminology Personal: Boring, lack of rapport or lack of credibility

19. Task Saturation m Too much information at one time m Too many tasks to accomplish in a given time m Usually occurs when an individual is confronted with a new or unexpected situation and loses SA

20. Task Saturation m Keep your workload to an acceptable level m If you feel overwhelmed, tell the others before becoming saturated and losing you situational awareness m Watch your team members for signs of saturation

21. Identification of Resources m External and internal m Identify your resources, know where to find them, and how to use them to accomplish the mission

22. Assignment of Duties m CAPR 60-3 m Flight-related -- aircraft commander m Mission-related -- mission commander

23. Crew Coordination m Understand and execute your assignments m Communicate m Question

24. Summary m Pay close attention to all briefings m Understand the big picture m Watch for task overload in yourself and other crewmembers m 67% of air transport accidents occur during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, departure, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight. m Begin critical communications with instructions, then explain

25. Summary m Successful missions hinge on each and every crewmember m Learn how to use the procedures and tools available to you, and use them correctly m Never stop learning m Dont be afraid to ask questions m Never criticize someone for asking questions m Anyone can call Time Out, Abort, or This is Stupid m Remember that the Mission Pilot must make the final decision based on the crews input.

26. Questions?