EEC4133 Computer Organization & Architecture Chapter 5: Datapath & Control by Muhazam Mustapha, April 2014

Learning Outcome By the end of this chapter, students are expected to be able to understand and explain the components and controls of a microprocessor’s datapath system Most of the material in this slide set is adopted from Murdocca & Heuring 2007

Chapter Content Basics of the Microarchitecture Microprocessor Datapath Microprocessor Cycle Control –Microprogramming –Hardwiring

Basics of Microarchitecture

The Fetch-Execute Cycle The steps that the control unit carries out in executing a program are: –Fetch the next instruction to be executed from memory –Decode the opcode –Read operand(s) from main memory, if any –Execute the instruction and store results, if any –Go to first step (fetch)

The Fetch-Execute Cycle Fetch Decode Load Operands Execute

Microprocessor Datapath

The microarchitecture consists of the control unit and the programmer-visible registers, functional units such as the ALU, and any additional registers that may be required by the control unit These are basically the datapath of the microprocessor High Level View of Microarchitecture

A More Detailed View

Microprocessor Cycle Control

Flow of user’s application is controlled by assembly program Flow of fetch-execute cycle is controlled by microprogram –One of the way to control the flow of fetch- cycle is by microprogramming – the other way is by hardwiring Control Unit internal circuitry runs microprograms transparently Microprogram

[Definition] Microprogramming is the scheme to control the control unit (CU) of a microprocessor in running fetch-execute cycle by having assembly like instructions With microprogram CU directs the flow of data in the datapath Microprogramming has instruction set just like assembly language, but it is FIXED for executing certain assembly instruction Microprogram

Example of microprogram: Microprogram

Since the pattern of the execution of fetch- execute cycle is short and almost similar from one assembly instruction to another, often times there are many repeated patterns in the microprogram These repeated patterns in microprograms are coded as nanoprograms Nanoprogram

Hence during the actual fetch-execute cycle, the nanoprograms are being executed in place of microprograms when the repetitions are encountered [Definition] Nanoprogramming is the scheme to replace the repeated sequences in microprogramming with one single instruction Nanoprogram

[Definition] Hardwiring is the scheme to control the control unit (CU) of a microprocessor in running fetch-execute cycle by having dedicated circuitry that performs the proper state machine to direct the data flow through the microprocessor’s datapath Hardwire

Hardwiring is done by designing the circuit using an HDL The HDL will define how the CU should direct the data flow in the datapath based on the input from the datapath Hardwire

Example of HDL defining CU: Hardwire

Example of the resulting circuit: Hardwire