Post-Cold War Chinese Diplomacy ( )

I. Challenges and opportunities posed by the end of the cold war 1 transition of international structure in global sense (its impact on China’s society and politics) 2 unprecedented spread of democracy and capital around the world 3 emergence of non-traditional security threats to peoples around the world 4 peace and development still as main theme of the world

II China’s response and positions 1 observe calmly, act prudently, hold back, keep low profile, and do something ( 冷静观察，沉着应对，稳住阵脚， 韬光养晦，有所作为） 2 “one centre, two basic points”. a)centering on domestic economic growth and for the goal of achieving the status of a modest developed country by the year of b)sticking to reform and openness, and upholding (socialist road, proletarian dictatorship, communist party leadership, and Marxism and Mao Zedong thoughts)

III. Chinese diplomatic ideas in 1990s 1. the idea of win-win together among all countries in the process of globalization a)the world should maintain its diversities instead of a single form. b)a new order of world economy and politics can only be achieved through democratisation in IR, that is, all countries, big or small, rich or poor, strong or weak, are equal members of the international community, and are entitled to have right to take part in international affairs.

2. the idea of“new diplomacy” [xin waijiao] 1)“actively engaging in international affairs,” with a general approach of “seeking cooperation, putting aside disputes so as to avoid confrontations [and] promoting multilateral communication and cooperation”. 2)engaging actively with the other countries with cooperative approaches in order to develop a “stable framework of big power relations” [wending daguo guanxi kuangjia]

3. new concept of security [xin an quan guan] it favors 1)open and inclusive regional and institutional cooperation and coordination, 2)beyond unilateral security arrangement so as to seek common security through mutually beneficial cooperation". 3) mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and cooperation.

1) security is comprehensive in at least two senses. a)the world is politically, socially and culturally diverse and cannot be reduced to one or two models. b)nations—whether big or small, rich or poor, strong or weak—have equal rights to choose their own models for national development and are equal members of the international community; peaceful settlement of all interstate differences and disputes should be on the basis of equality and mutual benefits

2 ) the subject of security is no longer confined to nation- states. It extends to individuals, groups, institutions, society and even the whole world. Human security is the most essential and fundamental. Security is indivisible. If most developing countries cannot guarantee their security, it is hard for the world to be peaceful. No country is encouraged to promote its own security at the cost of the insecurity of other countries.

3) one approach to materializing the new concept of security is to promote practices of cooperation and dialogue. It is necessary for countries to take cooperative measures and design common strategies and goals to “tackle challenges confronting human survival and development” effectively.

4 ) global and regional security will be based on common interests of different countries regardless of their political beliefs, economic models of development, and social systems. International relations should be based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and other universally recognized norms and laws governing interstate systems. The idea of equality should be the basis of achieving democratization and legalization in international relations

IV. Chinese foreign policy in more pragmatic ways 1.making friends with all countries on equal basis 1)entering a phase of smooth development in its ties with major powers ( the U.S., Russia, EU, Japan) 2)improving ties with neighbouring powers ( ASEAN, the two Koreas, India, Pakistan etc.) 3)developing ties with third world countries ( in Africa and Latin America) 4)multilateral diplomacy (SCO, ASEAN+3, Six Party Talks, East Asia summit etc.)

2. forming the pattern of partnership with other countries, specifically seeking new type of relationship between big countries (from alliance to non-alliance and to the establishment of partnership) 1)seeking common grounds and putting aside differences 2) dialogue replacing confrontation, seeking democracy, equality, cooperation and win-win in IR China establishing partnership with Russia ( 1996), France (1997), Japan (1998) and with Canada, South Africa, Brazil, India, etc.

3 involving itself in the post-cold war international system 1) in economic and financial fields a)participating in APEC (1991); b)applying for the membership of WTO ( 1995) ; c)joining the coping with Asian financial crisis in 1997 and appreciation of unfolding regionalism in East Asia China champions openness, tolerance, and mutual benefits in promoting regionalism.

2) in international security, China signed a)Nonproliferation Treaty ( 1992) b)Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1994) c)Biological Weapons Convention （ 1997 ） 3 ） social fields a) UN Human Rights Conventions (1997 ， 1998)

Major events in 1990s 1 The third Taiwan Strait crisis Mainland China’s opposing Lee Denghui’s visit to the U.S. (1995) The summit meetings of the two countries in 1997 and The return of Hong Kong (1997) and Macao (1999) to China Hong Kong and Macao as Special Administrative Regions (SAR) retain their systems in 50 years. 3 the bombing of Chinese embassy in Belgrade by US led- NATO forces ( 1999)