1. According to Rousseau, where does a government get its authority? 2. According to Rousseau, what is an ideal type of government? 3. According to Hobbes, where should a government get its power? 4. What are people like in the State of Nature according to John Locke? 5. What do you think it means to be an “enlightened” ruler?

 Share/turn-in final drafts  Tonight’s homework: read pages 322 – 325 (The Seven Year’s War)  Is it possible to be an enlightened absolute ruler?

 Enlightenment and Absolutism  Enlightened Absolutism  Monarchs try to keep absolute power while governing by Enlightenment principles  Prussia: Army and Bureaucracy  led by King Frederick William I - bought nobility’s allegiance and created a strict military society  Demanded total loyalty  Made 4 th biggest army in Europe  He beheaded his son’s best friend (wanted to make his son tough), and his son eventually took the throne as Frederick the Great

 Educated and cultured  Kept a strong military  Abolished torture (mostly)  Had free speech and press BUT rigid social classes and never freed the serfs.  Was an atheist who disliked his wife and never had kids

 The Austrian Empire  Maria Theresa, 1740  Not a big reformer, but did try to improve conditions for the serfs.  Followed by son Joseph II – HUGE reformer  Freed serfs  Religious tolerance  Equality before the law  Eliminated death penalty

Maria Theresa – as a child and an adult

 Joseph’s reforms all failed – society not ready for such major changes.  When he died, his gravestone said: “Here lies Joseph II who was unfortunate in everything that he undertook.”  Catherine the Great  Russian  Favored nobility, no improvement for peasants

 Liked ideas of enlightenment  Had Denis Diderot live with her in Russia, but made no major reforms; she didn’t want to upset the nobility  Treated peasants badly – they eventually revolted and then were treated even worse!  Enlightened Absolutism?  Joseph was the only one who tried major reforms

 Enlightened absolutists just wanted to get more and more power.  Especially concerned with expanding territories…  7 years’ War.