Meteorology 5

–SURFACE and UPPER CHART comparison – JET STREAM – METAR – TIME ZONES – WINDS, VISIBILITY & WEATHER – OBSCURATION & SKY CONDITION – FD’s, SIGMET, PIREP – GFA or Area Forecast

Surface Chart / note fronts & isobars

STANDARD PRESSURE SURFACES 850 mb5000 feet asl

Upper chart/ note no fronts. Also, Isobars are replaced by contour lines STEEP PRESSURE GRADIENT GIVES HIGHER WIND SPEEDS

JET STREAM Pg Pg 12-13

Low Level Nocturnal Jet 40 KNOTS Pg 11-13

METAR METAR CYVR Z CCA 18018G35 1SM R24/5000FT/D –SN BLSN BKN010 OVC050 M05/M11 A2992 REFZDZ WS RWY24 RMK SF6SC2 VIS ½ TO W SLP122

TIME ZONES DAYLIGHT SAVINGS TIME WOULD BE ONE HOUR LESS SPRING FORWARD AND FALL BACK INVENTED BY A CANADIAN

WIND AND GUST GROUP WIND DIRECTION VARIATION is coded into remarks if: –60 O OR MORE AND 3 KNOTS OR MORE OF WIND FOR LAST 2 MINUTES ie. 240V320 –A VARIATION OVER THE LAST 10 MINUTES PRIOR TO THE OBSERVATION WOULD BE REPORTED PROVIDED 60 O AND 3 KNOTS OR MORE

Changing Winds GUST - 5K higher than 2 minute average -Highest peak must be at least 15 k SQUALL - 15K higher than 2 minute mean average -I minute mean of at least 20 k -After max must decrease by 5 k SHIFT - 45 O change or more -Change in less than 15 minutes -Average at end of wind shift at least 10 k

Wind Gust

VISIBILITY

FLIGHT VIS vs GROUND VIS FLIGHT often worse vis than GROUND

PRESENT WEATHER

OBSCURING PHENOMENA

VC = 5 statute miles REPORTED REGARDLESS

SKY CONDITION

REMARKS Pressure tendency usually in remarks.

SKY CONDITION –Clear: SKC0/8 –Few: FEWtrace, 1/8 to 2/8 –Scattered: SCT3/8 to 4/8 –Broken: BKN5/8 to 7/8 –Overcast: OVC8/8

CEILING –Broken: BKN 5/8 to 7/8 –Overcast: OVC 8/8

TORONTO BUTTONVILLE METAR CYKZ Z 03008KT 10SM BKN050 OVC250 M08/M15 A2982 RMK SC6CI2 SLP114 METAR CYKZ Z 35009KT 9SM BKN050 OVC240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC5CI3 SLP095 METAR CYKZ Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC5CI2 SLP095 TAF CYKZ Z KT P6SM SCT025 BKN250 TEMPO SM HZ BKN020 BECMG KT FM0300Z 35015G25KT P6SM SCT025 BKN120 TEMPO 0305 BKN025 RMK NXT FCST BY 23Z=

Change Terms PROB is only used for 30 or 40% probability.

FDs - low level FCST BASED ON DATA VALID FOR USE YAM note the backing winds in the descent over Ottawa YOW YQG YVV YYB YYZ

ACTUAL LAPSE RATE METAR CYKZ Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC4CI2 SLP095 FCST BASED ON DATA VALID FOR USE YYZ Lapse is roughly 1 o /1,000 ft

SIGMET WSCN31 CWTO SIGMET A1 VALID / LN TSTMS 30NM WIDE MAX TOPS 400 OBSRVD AT 0400Z FROM LONDON-TORONTO-PETERBOROUGH. LN MOVG SWD ABT 20 KTS AND INTSFYG. TSTMS MOVG OUT OF AREA BY 0730Z. Significant Meteorological Report

PIREP UA/OV CYHM 1235 FL050/ TP C172/SK 030 OVC 045/ TA -04/WV /TB LGT/ IC LGT/RM FROPA 10 MI W

PIREP report Mixed Icing

GFA Issued at 2330Z, 0530Z, 1130Z and 1730Z Covers 12 hours with a 12 hour IFR outlook Country covered with 7 GFA areas Heights are feet above sea level Section 3 of MET in AIP Minimum of 5k to have speed be indicated CU, TCU, CB and ACC will be indicated Winds less than 20 k usually not shown Amended GFA shows CCA, etc in title box

VALID 1800Z