The Periodic Table Section 1 Introduction to the Periodic Table

A. By 1830 fifty-five different elements had been isolated and named.

1. In 1869, Mendeleev arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass and found that the elements with similar properties fell into groups.

2.Moseley improved the periodic table by arranging the elements according to atomic number instead of atomic mass.

B. The modern periodic table contains seven periods or rows of elements whose properties change and

eighteen groups or columns, each with a family of elements having similar properties. eighteen groups or columns, each with a family of elements having similar properties.

1. Group 1 and 2 along with groups 13 and 18 are called the representative elements.

2. Groups 3 and 12 are called the transition elements.

3. A Metal has a luster, conducts heat and electricity, is malleable and ductile.

4. Nonmetals are usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature.

5. A metalloid shares properties with metal and nonmetals.

6. Symbols are abbreviations usually based on the element’s name.

Section 2 Representative Elements A. Groups 1 and 2 are active metals found in nature combined with other elements;

Although hydrogen is placed in Group 1, it is not a metal and it shares properties with Groups 1 and 17.

1. Alkali metals – silvery solids with low densities and low melting points; they increase in reactivity from top to bottom of the periodic table.

2. Alkaline earth metals – are denser, harder, have higher melting points, and are slightly less active than alkali metals in the same period.

B. Groups 13 through 18 may contain metals, nonmetals, or metalloids in solid, liquid, or gas form.

1. The boron family elements in group 13 are all metals except boron, which is a metalloid; these elements are used in a variety of products.

2. The carbon group elements are all metalloids or metals, except for carbon itself.

a. Carbon is found in all living things and exists in several forms.

b. Silicon and germanium are used in electronics as semiconductors.

c. Tin and lead are used in many products.

3. The nitrogen group contains nitrogen and phosphorus, which are required by living things and which are used in industry.

4. The oxygen family contains oxygen and sulfur, which are essential for life and used to manufacture many products.

5. The halogen group elements form salts with sodium and with the other alkali metals.

6. The noble gases rarely combine with other elements; they are often used in lighting and inflating balloons.

Section 3 Transition Elements A. Groups 3 to 12 are metals; most are combined with other elements in ores.

1. The iron triad is composed of iron, cobalt and nickel; they are used in many applications.

2. Several transition elements can be used as catalysts, substance that make a reaction occur faster.

B. The inner transition elements are called lanthanides and actinides.

1. The lanthanides are soft metals and were once thought to be rare.

2. All the actinides are radioactive; several are synthetic elements that do not occur naturally.

3. Dental materials are sometimes made of new composites, resins and porcelains.