Chapter 10, Wireless Communications Technologies: Part 2 Outline 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Wireless Access Technologies 10.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 10.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 10.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 10.3 First Generation Technology (1G) and AMPS 10.4 Second Generation Technologies (2G) 10.4.1 Personal Communications Services (PCS) 10.4.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 10.4.3 CdmaOne 10.4.4 TDMA Technology Family 10.4.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 10.5 2.5G & Third Generation (3G) Technologies 10.5.1 High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) 10.5.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 10.5.3 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) 10.5.4 CDMA2000 10.5.5 Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA)

Chapter 10, Wireless Communications Technologies: Part 2 Outline 10.6 Wireless Platforms and Programming Languages 10.6.1 Handheld Devices Markup Languages (HDML) 10.6.2 WAP & WML 10.6.3 Compact HTML (cHTML) & I-mode 10.6.4 Java & Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) 10.6.5 XML & XHTML 10.6.6 EPOC 10.6.7 Binary Run Time Environment for Wireless (BREW) 10.7 SyncML Initative 10.8 Future of Wireless Technologies 10.9 Internet and World Wide Web Resources

10.1 Introduction Wireless communications challenges Standardization Security Cost of development Wireless technology generations 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G Wireless technologies AMPS, PCS, GSM, FDMA, CDMA and TDMA Programming languages and platforms for wireless WAP, J2ME, cHTML, XML, XHTML

10.2 Wireless Access Technologies Access technologies are used to control and establish how communications take place as well as define guidelines for network development Three key access technologies Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

10.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) One of the first access technologies developed for communications networks FDMA assigns each communications transmission to different frequency slots or channels.

10.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Frequency slots are divided into uplinks (channels that handle transmissions from users to base stations) and downlinks (transmissions from base stations to users) FDMA searches the available frequency slots and assigns a channel to a user for the duration of the uplink or downlink session. No other users can use a channel that is already assigned until the transmission is complete FDMA encounters interference problems, inefficiency and transmission interruptions.

10.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Used worldwide with GSM, CDMA and other popular network technologies TDMA takes multiple calls and assigns each call to a different time slot on the same radio frequency

10.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Two technologies are used by TDMA Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD) Time-Division Duplex (TDD) TDD Uses on frequency band for all stations Each station assigned a time slot on the band FDD Uses two separate frequency bands Each station is assigned two time slots (one for receiving signals and one for sending signals) Time slots are staggered

10.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) One of the more popular standards in the U.S. and internationally Uses spread-spectrum technology Breaks up signals and spreads them over their entire bandwidth Increases capacity up to 3 times that of any other digital system and 20 times that of an analog one Uses packet-switched data transmissions Data is sent and received over a network in groups called packets Packets can be sent on one channel and received on another

10.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Advantages of CDMA Less power to transmit signals which increases talk time and battery life Interference and background noise are reduced Require fewer cell cites thus reducing network construction time as compared to wireline and other wireless networks

10.3 First Generation Technology (1G) and AMPS First-generation technology uses analog signals: wave-like radio transmissions Wave sent to base where broken down and routed When destination determined, signal recreated and sent Quality threatened by recreation errors Advanced Mobile Phone Service Used in areas without digital coverage Backup in case of digital system failure Coverage Cells surround base station, base only communicates with users in cell When user switches cells, bases handoff signal

10.2 First Generation Technology (1G) and AMPS An analog signal before and after being processed at the base station.

10.4 Second Generation Technologies (2G) Second Generation technologies most widely used today and will be primary support for future generations

10.4.1 Personal Communications Services (PCS) 2G digital signals Binary coding: digital signal form, based on sequence of 0s and 1s Error rate greatly reduced from analog Personal Communications Service (PCS) One of first US digital services Uses cells and base stations Cells broken into microcells (picocells) Creates better network coverage and reduces interference

10.4.1 Personal Communications Services (PCS) PCS types Narrowband PCS 2-way paging, credit card verification, location services, GPS and voice and text paging Broadband PCS Portable computer communications GSM is form of PCS network Sprint PCS Driven by CDMA technology Internet access through cell phones Can use phone as modem for laptop

10.4.1 Personal Communications Services (PCS) Digital signal transmission and reproduction. A cell that is divided into microcells for PCS communications

10.4.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Global System for Mobile Communications: digital communications network More calls on same frequency and faster data speeds Roaming technology: complete communication from anywhere in world Providers establish roaming areas: higher cost for users when outside home area GSM offers SMS service GSM accepted as standard in Europe and Asia

10.4.3 CdmaOne CdmaOne: technologies and standards associated with CDMA Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and International Telecommunications Union (ITU) regulate standards Part of the IS-95 Standards group CDMA is building block for 2.5G and 3G networks

10.4.4 TDMA Technology Family TDMA is used with other technologies like FDMA and CDMA First digital system that transitioned from AMPS to the digital age is D-AMPS Based on a combinations of FDMA and TDMA Also known as TDMA IS-136 TDMA systems are used worldwide in areas including Latin America and the Middle East

10.4.5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: first used by military, now commercial Frequency division multiplexing: gives each channel its own frequency Compact signals use less spectrum Support both data and voice Uses multiple carrier waves to transmit signals, limiting interference and delay Wideband OFDM (W-OFDM): development of 3G and 4G technologies using OFDM

10.5 2.5G & Third Generation (3G) Technologies 2.5G Technology: intermediate step between 2G and 3G 3G Technology: seven times faster than 56kps modem Factors behind growth of these technologies Spectrum allocation Infrastructure development Standardization

10.5.1 High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) 2.5G technology Alternative to packet-switched data An upgrade to GSM

10.5.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Enhances GSM networks 2.5G technology Packet data traffic channels (PDCHs) Transmit data packets (like SMS) Always on connectivity

10.5.3 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) Transmission speed of 384kbps (3G) Always on connectivity Built over existing networks Leads to bandwidth and channel allocation limitations Data only transmissions and voice technologies

10.5.4 CDMA2000 2.5G alternative CDMA2000 is family of technology types CDMA 1xMC Similar to EDGE 1xMC upgrades voice and data capacity CDMA 1xEV Separates voice and data into two separate channels 1xEV-DO: data only transmissions 1xEV-DV: expands DO to handle voice CDMA 3xMC Upgrade 1xMC to 3G networks Similar to UMTS – voice and data

10.5.4 CDMA2000 Drawback to CDMA2000 Competing companies develop different versions within CDMA2000 family No standardization CDMA2000 is in direct competition with W-CDMA

10.5.5 Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) 3G CDMA technology ITU’s Universal Mobile Telecommunications System standard and new frequency spectrum W-CDMA supports circuit-switched and packet-switched data All transmissions use same frequency Determines signal’s speed and path individually Developed by NTT DoCoMo Uses single wave transmissions Short-bursts instead of continuous Occupy channels briefly

10.6 Wireless Platforms & Programming Languages No unifying standard Protocols, platforms and languages are important developmental/implementation tools

10.6.1 Handheld Devices Markup Language (HDML) One of first languages for handheld devices Similar to HTML Evolved into WAP and WML HDML no longer manufactured, but still present in many devices

10.6.2 WAP and WML Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) Set of protocols enabling communication between different wireless devices Intended for phones, pagers and other handhelds Wireless Markup Language (WML) Creates web content for wireless devices, based on XML Microbrowsers: access web via wireless internet WML supports WAP Deck: a WML document made up of cards Image support and telephone support through telephony tags

10.6.2 WAP and WML WAP limitations WAP communications Security breaches and unreliability Limited bandwidth Can’t handle multimedia and overloaded easily WAP communications WAP-enabled mobile device WAP gateway Web server WAP Communications Architecture. (Courtesy of Jason Manger, WAPuSeek)

10.6.3 Compact HTML (cHTML) & i-mode i-mode: popular service in Japan for voice, text, graphics and web-browsing Uses cHTML, subset of HTML NTT DoCoMo has over 30,000 cHTML pages on own servers – eliminates translation

10.6.4 Java and Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME) Java: one of most widely used programming languages Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME): programming platform for mobile devices Facilitates development of applications on wireless devices Compensates for WAP’s drawbacks

10.6.5 XML & XHTML XML: an open technology for data exchange XML documents contain data, applications decide how data is displayed Markup languages created with XML XHTML XHTML Basic VoiceXML WBXML Markup documents Tags mark and describe data Documents are highly portable Human and machine readable

10.6.5 XML & XHTML XHTML Markup language identifies page’s elements Equipped to represent complex data on wireless internet Strict syntax and well-formed code

10.6.6 EPOC EPOC: a platform for next generation wireless devices Supports phone and PDA for 2.5G and possibly 3G technologies Supports C++, Java, WAP and the internet; TCP/IP protocols, GSM, Bluetooth and infrared Ericsson R380 phone which uses the EPOC operating system. (Courtesy of Ericsson)

10.6.7 Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW) Qualcomm’s platform enables applications accessible by variety of wireless devices Ease of use and development – lower costs and production times Many possible applications Navigation E-wallets Games Music

10.7 SyncML Initiative Synchronization SyncML Initiative Sharing information in multiple areas among non-compatible devices SyncML Initiative Formed by 8 companies to develop standard protocol for information exchange regardless of time, place or device Remote synchronization: application used by two devices at same time Works with fixed, infrared, cable or Bluetooth wireless technology networks Divides synchronization areas into client-side and server-side SyncML based on WBXML version of XML

10.7 SyncML Initiative

10.8 Future of Wireless Technologies Advances in transmission speed and types of information 3G standards, technologies and protocols in development Possibly 4G technologies by 2010 Multimedia communications will be dominant transmission type of future