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Cell Theory ·All know living things are made up of cells ·Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things ·All cells come from pre-existing cells ·Clip 2

Robert Hooke-1665 ·First to see cells. ·First to use the word “cells”- named for the places that monks sleep in monastery ·Built first microscope 3

Theodor Schwann 1839 Concluded that all animals are made up of cells 4 Matthias Schleiden 1839 Concluded that all plant cells are made up of cells

Two basic Types of Cells 5

Prokaryotic Cells DO HAVE ·Cell membrane ·Ribosomes ·DNA DO NOT HAVE ·Organelles ·Nucleus ·Are all singled celled organisms. ·Thought of as more ancient life forms…they came 1 st ! 6

Eukaryotic Cells ·Have organelles. ·Singled-celled or multicellular organisms! ·2 Types: Plant and Animal 7

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Basic Cell Structure ·Cells come in many different shapes and sizes. ·Like bricks in a building, cells make up all living things ·Clip 9

The Cell Membrane ·The outside of ALL cells are surrounded by a membrane made of phospholipids. ·Nickname: “The gatekeeper” 10

Membrane Structure ·There are proteins “stuck” in the membrane that help get things into and out of the cells. ·They also help to get messages into the cell. 11

The Membrane is a lipid bilayer. 12

How do molecules get into and out of a cell? 13

Transport through the membrane Two types ·Passive Transport ·Energy input NOT required ·Active Transport ·Energy input required 14

Passive Transport Protein Moves material from High Concentration to Low concentration 15 3 types of Passive Transport ·Diffusion ·Osmosis ·Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion ·Movement of molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration ·Always higher to lower! ·No energy input required! 16

Osmosis:Diffusion of water through a cell membrane 17

·Types of solutions: The direction in which the water moves is determined by the type of solution. ·Remember water runs downhill! · From high concentration to low concentration. 18

3 types of Solutions 19

What types of solution? Hypertonic Or Hypotonic?

High Concentration Low Concentration Cell Membrane bilayer Protein channel Facilitated Diffusion P articles moved with the help of membrane proteins Glucose molecules 21

Active Transport ·Energy is required. ·Need ATP- the universal energy molecule. ·Low to high concentration 22

Let's review Passive Transport!

Ways to get molecules into and out of a cell with active transport Some molecules are too large to get through the membrane. Website · Endocytosis ·Into ·Exocytosis ·Out of 23

HERE Exocytosis And Endocytosis 21

Cell Structure ·Cells are composed of a variety of structures that help them do their jobs. 22

·Found in Plant, Fungi, and Bacteria Cells ·Provides support and protection ·In plants, the cell wall is made of the carbohydrate cellulose. 23 Cell Wall

Ribosomes ·Not technically an organelles. ·Nickname: “protein maker” ·They help put the amino acids together to make proteins. ·Made of the nucleic Acid-RNA

The Cytoplasm ·jelly-like substance ·contains all of the organelles 25

Organelles in the Cytoplasm ·Each organelle has a specific function so that the cell can do its job. ·Each organelle has its own job! ·Remember: ONLY EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE ORGANELLES!!!! 26

What’s an organelle? ·Organelle mean “tiny organ.” ·Organelles function together to help the cell carry out all of life’s activities!! 27

Nucleus-The Control Center ·“The Brain” ·Contains the DNA ·DNA controls which proteins get made-and when! ·Where ribosomes are made 28

·has a phospholipid bilayer around it ·nuclear pores allow substances to move into and out of the nucleus ·DNA NEVER leaves the nucleus 29 Nucleus (Continued)

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Endoplasmic Reticulum ·Membrane system - function = protein synthesis and transport. ·thought of as a Highway and a place of protein synthesis. 31

Two types of ER ·Smooth · No attached ribosomes · Rough · Attached ribosomes 31

Golgi Apparatus ·Nickname: “UPS” ·Packages molecules and sends them to their destination. ·Also checks to make sure the molecules are put together correctly, if not correct it sends them back to the ER. Website

Let’s Review

Vacuoles · packages of material that are being stored and transported · Plants usually have one large one ·Animals generally have many small ones. 35

Lysosomes ·Nickname “Recycling Center” ·Has digestive enzymes that breakdown and recycle molecules. 36

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Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis in plants. 38

Cytoskeleton ·Gives cells their shape. ·Contain proteins: microtubules (shape) and microfilaments (movement). · 39

Mitochondria ·Nickname: “Powerhouse” ·Site of ATP production ·ATP is the universal energy molecule ·Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP. · Website 40

chloroplast nucleolus ribosomes mitochondria cell wall Golgi apparatus rough ER vacuole Plant cell

rough ER microfilaments nuclear pore ribosomes mitochondria microtubules Golgi apparatus centriole Animal cell

Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell Clip 43

Levels of Organization ·Cells make up tissues. ·Tissues make up Organs. ·Organs make up organ systems. 44