The Spread of Industrialization

I. Continental Europe Industrializes It took several years for industrialization to spread –Lack of raw materials & consumer markets – : Fr. Rev. & Napoleonic Era Gap widened betw. G.B. & Euro.

A. Beginnings in Belgium Belgium led Euro. –Deposits of iron ore & coal, & waterways –Brit. industrial secrets leaked into Belgium as they did to U.S. Brit. forbade engineers from leaving country 1789: Samuel Slater emigrated to U.S. –Built spinning machine from memory 1790: Moses Brown opened first factory in U.S. to house Slater’s machines (Pawtucket, RI) –ONLY THREAD! 1813: Francis Cabot Lowell mechanized every stage of manufacturing cloth (Waltham, MA) Single women migrated to cities to work as mill girls –Worked 12 hours/day, 6 days/week

Country girls were naturally independent, and the feeling that at this new work the few hours they had of everyday leisure were entirely their own was a satisfaction to them. They preferred it to going out as “hired help.” It was like a young man’s pleasure in entering upon business for himself. Girls had never tried that experiment before, and they liked it.

…back to Belgium William Cockerill illegally emigrated to Belgium (1799) –Had secrets of building spinning machinery –Son built industrial enterprise (E. Belgium) Mechanical equipment, steam engines, locomotives Other Brits. came to work

B. Germany Industrializes Industry grew slowly in German states –No efficient central govt. –Economic isolation & scattered resources Pockets of industrialization appeared –Ruhr Valley (COAL) 1835: began to copy Brit. model –Imported Brit. equipment & engineers –Sent children to England to learn industry –Built RRs to link industrial cities w/resources

Railroads and machine shops, coal mines and iron foundries, spinneries and rolling mills seem to spring up out of the ground, and smokestacks sprout from the earth like mushrooms. Germany’s economic development led to military development (late 1800s) 1870s: Germany = G.B.

C. Expansion Elsewhere in Europe Industrialization spread gradually –Bohemia = spinning industry –Catalonia (Spain) = processed more cotton than Belgium –N.Italy = mechanized textile production –Moscow & St. Petersburg = serf labor in factories

After 1830: France industrialized –More measured/controlled b/c ag. economy was strong Fr. govt. helped industrialization: –1. imposed high tariffs –2. built RRs Mainly agricultural

Some Euros. did not industrialize –Austria-Hungary: mtns. defeated RRs –Spain: lacked roads & waterways

II. Later Expansion of U.S. Industry Northeast U.S. (late 1800s) industrialized Mainly ag. until Civil War (1865) Experienced a boom –National unity –Vast country w/natural resources –Inventions –Growing urban pop. (consumers) –Willingness to take risks in business

Canals & RRs crept west across U.S. –Industry moved w/it –Pittsburgh & Grt. Lakes = steel –Chicago = stockyards –Minneapolis = grain –1869: Transcontinental RR –Late 1800s: large RR companies

A. The Rise of Corporations Large businesses = $$$ Entrepreneurs sold stock –Part ownership of corporation Late 1800s: –Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller) –Carnegie Steel Co. (Andrew Carnegie) Big business = made big profits

III. The Impact of Industrialization I.R. shifted world balance of power

A. Rise of Global Inequality Wealth gap widened betw. industrialized & non- industrialized countries –Raw materials –Consumer market Brits. led in exploitation of colonies Imperialism: –the ambition of a powerful nation to dominate the political, economic, & cultural affairs of another nation or region –*BORN OUT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION –Latin Amer., Asia, Africa = ag. economies