The Scientific Revolution 16 th and 17 th Centuries

Objective  To understand the causes of the scientific revolution of the 16 th and 17 th centuries  To understand the ideas of key figures of the Scientific Revolution  To understand the significance of the Scientific Revolution

Medieval Science  Not really “science” but accepted body of tradition

The Ptolemaic System  Geocentric Model

Nicholas Copernicus  Polish astronomer ( )  On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres –Published just before he died  Heliocentric model

Nicholas Copernicus

The Heliocentric Model

Galileo Galelei  Supporter of heliocentric system  The Telescope  Starry Messenger

Galileo Galilei

 Galileo vs. the Catholic church  Galileo on trial in 1616

Tycho Brahe  Danish astronomer ( )  Geocentric-Heliocentric model  Data used by his student, Johannes Kepler

Tycho Brahe

Johannes Kepler  German astronomer ( )  Argued planets moved in elliptical orbits  But could not explain why

Johannes Kepler

Isaac Newton  English scientist ( )  Principia Mathematica  Revolutionized science with theory of gravity

Isaac Newton

Rationalism  New science means a new way of looking at the world  Empirical method by Francis Bacon  Rational deduction by Rene Descartes  People no longer looked to authority or tradition to understand life

Activity  Using Page –Vocabulary Geocentric theory Scientific Revolution Heliocentric theory Scientific method Scientific Revolution Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton Causes: New Discoveries

Political Theory  New scientific principles influences people’s relationship to society  Thomas Hobbes ( )  The Leviathan

Major Enlightenment Ideas  Every social, political and economic problem could be solved through the use of reason  Governments are created to secure an orderly society  Separation of powers is the best way to protect human liberties  All men are created “free and equal”  A free market should be allowed to regulate trade

Enlightenment Thinkers John Locke Baron de Montesquieu Voltaire

Social Contract Thomas HobbesJohn Locke Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract. Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly. Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property People form governments to protect natural rights Best government was one with limited power If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

Separation of Powers  Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government –British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception) –Each branch of government should be able to ‘check’ the other two  What government does this sound like?

Enlightenment and the Economy  Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy called laissez faire. –Physiocrats were Enlightenment thinkers who focused on economic reforms  Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference –Real wealth comes from productive land not gold and silver –Supported free trade and opposed tariffs

Enlightenment and the Economy  Adam Smith: Free market should be allowed to regulate business activity –Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic growth are all linked to the market forces of supply and demand –Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it because there are profits and economic rewards to be had –Smith supported laissez faire, but also believed that a government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.  His ideas lead to very productive economies during the Industrial Revolution (1800’s and 1900’s)

Supply and Demand

Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society  Detested the slave trade and slavery  Deplored religious prejudice  Defended freedom of speech  Attacked divine right theory  Urged education for all  Hated unequal distribution of property  Believed governments should be freely elected  Women’s first duty was to her family

Enlightenment Changes Society  Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality  Salons: Men and women gather in living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms)  Music: Ballets and operas become popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart)  Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming)  Literature: Novels become popular (Robinson Cruesoe)

Enlightenment Changes Society  Majority/Lower Class/Peasants: Slow to change and hurt the worst –Serfdom disappears in the west, rises in the east –Peasants in Western Europe allowed to own or rent land –All peasants throughout Europe dealt with similar issues Forced into military Lands could be torn up without compensation by nobility  Some peasants become eager for change, some resist change completely

REVIEW QUESTIONS Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire Which of the following is true of the physiocrats? a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire. c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire. d) They focused on social reform.

REVIEW QUESTIONS Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire Which of the following is true of the physiocrats? a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire. c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire. d) They focused on social reform.

Enlightenment Thinkers In republican governments, men are all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former, because they are everything; in the latter, because they are nothing. ~Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws Bk. VI, Ch.2 The market price of every particular commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity or the whole value of the rent, labor and profit which must be paid in order to bring it thither. ~Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Vol.I, bk.1, ch.7 The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property. ~John Locke Second Treatise of Government ChXIX, “Of the Dissolution in Government”

Political Theory  John Locke ( ) –Two Treatises on Government (1690) –An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

Warning  Scientific revolution did not affect most of society  Most people in Europe illiterate and uneducated  Superstitions still remain among common people  Witch Hunts popular in 1500s and 1600s

Conclusion  Medieval science based on tradition in understanding nature  Scientific Revolution changes people’s view on the universe  Scientific principles affect other bodies of knowledge  Scientific Revolution does not affect everybody but sets the stage for the modern world