Revolutionary Unit What other names is this time period called? What dates does this period span? The Enlightenment or The Age of Reason

Revolutionary Unit Compare & contrast the beliefs of this period with those of Puritanism. PuritanismEnlightenment Faith Reason & science People are innately evil People are innately good Theocracy (people governed by the church) A social contract as the basis of government (Declaration of Independence)

Historical Background What events affected the literature of this period?  French & Indian War Struggle between England & France for 13 colonies English won  British attempts to control the colonies Taxation American Revolution

Enlightenment Literature What are the characteristics of literature from this period?  Focused on politics  Birth of the newspaper  Persuasive speeches & pamphlets

 Appeal to Reason (Logos): asking the audience to think logically about an issue by using reasons, facts & statistics  Appeal to Emotion (Pathos): stirs listeners to feel emotions such as hope, fear, likes & dislikes by using charged words or flattery Define persuasive appeals

 Appeal to Authority: mentioning an authority or an expert, usually God Define persuasive appeals

Appeal to Authority  This selling device depends on a television star, an athlete, or other public personality to endorse an item.  Use of the product will make the consumer as wealthy, as famous, as talented, or as beautiful as the spokesperson.  A famous person is assumed to be an authority on any subject

Appeal to Authority (False Authority) 1. Tiger Woods is a great golfer. 2. Tiger Woods wears Nike products. 3. If you want to be like Tiger Woods, you should wear Nike products.

 Bandwagon: trying to convince someone to do something so they won’t feel left out Define persuasive appeals

 This appeal works because most of us don’t want to stand out by being different, and we want what others have.  The ad says that “Coke is the most asked-for soft drink in the world.” Bandwagon Appeal

Charged Words Define the term “charged words.” Words that are likely to produce a strong emotional response due to a word’s connotation. denotation - the dictionary’s definition of a word (think “d for dictionary”) connotation – the emotional feeling associated with a word

Define Rhetorical Devices  Restatement: repeating an idea using different words  Repetition: repeating an idea using the same words  Rhetorical questions:asking a questions whose answer is obvious  Parallelism:repeating similar grammatical structures

 This technique poses a question that is worded in such a way that the consumer’s answer affirms the product’s goodness or desirability.  The ad reads, “Are you in?” It suggests that being “in” the car is what we should want. Rhetorical Question Claim

 Copy the words & definitions on p. 155 & p. 185 What vocabulary will be on the test?

The Crisis, by Thomas Paine Who was Thomas Paine?  Emigrated to colonies from England  Enlisted in army 1776 Army had just suffered crushing defeat in New Jersey Freezing weather, shortage of food, low morale  Wrote The Crisis in response  George Washington ordered it read to troops

The Crisis, by Thomas Paine What vocabulary do I need to know before reading?  Summer soldier – one who joined in the spring or summer but went AWOL in the fall or winter. Why would they do this?  Sunshine patriots – those who support the revolutionaries (the colonies) when the war was going well, but not otherwise Do sports fans do this?

Appeal to Reason exs  Henry lists facts and gives specific examples of what King George/Parliament has done to the colonists: “Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years.” “Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years.” “Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult” “Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult” “We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain.” “We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable; but it has been all in vain.”

Parallelism  Repeating the same kind of words: “We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves” (pronoun [we] past tense helping verb [have] past tense verb [petitioned, remonstrated, supplicated, prostrated]

Appeal to Emotion exs  Henry uses flattery to “kiss up” to his audience: “worthy gentlemen “ “worthy gentlemen “ “Trust it not, sir “ “Trust it not, sir “  Henry uses charged words to get his audience angry: “the implements of war and subjugation “ “the implements of war and subjugation “ “submission and slavery“ “submission and slavery“ “tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament “ “tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament “

Appeal to Authority exs  Henry mentions God & assures his audience that God is on their side: “An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us!” “An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is all that is left us!” “There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations” “There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations” “Forbid it, Almighty God!” “Forbid it, Almighty God!”

Rhetorical Devices  Restatement  Repetition  Rhetorical questions  Parallelism

Restatement  Repeating the same idea, but using new words: “God of hosts”; “Almighty God”; “Majesty of Heaven “ “God of hosts”; “Almighty God”; “Majesty of Heaven “ “There is no longer any room for hope “; “This is no time for ceremony”; “we have done everything that could be done”; “There is no longer any room for hope “; “This is no time for ceremony”; “we have done everything that could be done”;

Repetition (remember “repeat”)  Repeating the exact same words more than once in the same sentence or close sentences: “let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come. “ “let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come. “ “we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! “ “we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight! “

Rhetorical Questions  Questions the speaker asks for which he/she doesn’t expect an answer because everyone already knows the answer: “Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have?” “Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have?” “Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation?” “Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation?” “Shall we try argument?” “Shall we try argument?” “What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted?” “What terms shall we find which have not been already exhausted?”

Parallelism  Repeating the same kind of words: “We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves” (pronoun [we] past tense helping verb [have] past tense verb [petitioned, remonstrated, supplicated, prostrated]

Parallelism “having eyes, see not, and, having ears, hear not “ (-ing helping verb, plural noun, verb, negative word) (-ing helping verb, plural noun, verb, negative word)

Parallelism ”the vigilant, the active, the brave “ (definite article, adjective)  Is this parallel? I am: friendly, smart, have blond hair, and tall. Parallelism practice: The Crisis worksheet 38