Got Energy? Carbohydrates and Lipids

Carbohydrates 0 Building block molecules = monosaccharides sugar 1:2:1 CHO Ratio

sucrose Carbohydrates 0 Function: 0 quick energy 0 energy storage 0 structure 0 cell wall in plants 0 Examples 0 sugars 0 starches 0 cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

Sugars = building blocks 0 Names for sugars usually end in 0 glucose 0 fructose 0 sucrose 0 maltose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 sucrose fructose maltose -ose

Building carbohydrates | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

Building carbohydrates | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide How sweet it is!

BIG carbohydrates 0 Polysaccharides 0 large carbohydrates 0 starch 0 energy storage in plants 0 potatoes 0 glycogen 0 energy storage in animals 0 in liver & muscles 0 cellulose 0 structure in plants 0 cell walls 0 chitin 0 structure in arthropods & fungi 0 exoskeleton poly = many

Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage polysaccharide

Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme

Cellulose 0 Cell walls in plants 0 herbivores can digest cellulose well 0 most carnivores cannot digest cellulose 0 that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients 0 cellulose = roughage 0 stays undigested 0 keeps material moving in your intestines

Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Helpful bacteria 0 How can cows digest cellulose so well? 0 BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Lipids 0 Examples 0 fats 0 oils 0 waxes 0 hormones 0 sex hormones 0 testosterone (male) 0 estrogen (female)

Lipids 0 Function: 0 energy storage 0 very concentrated 0 twice the energy as carbohydrates! 0 cell membrane 0 cushions organs 0 insulates body 0 think whale blubber!

Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

Saturated fats 0 Most animal fats 0 solid at room temperature 0 Limit the amount in your diet 0 contributes to heart disease 0 deposits in arteries

Unsaturated fats 0 Plant, vegetable & fish fats 0 liquid at room temperature 0 the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together 0 Better choice in your diet

Saturated vs. unsaturated saturatedunsaturated

Other lipids in biology 0 Cholesterol 0 good molecule in cell membranes 0 make hormones from it

Other lipids in biology 0 Cell membranes are made out of lipids 0 phospholipids 0 heads are on the outside touching water 0 “like” water 0 tails are on inside away from water 0 “scared” of water 0 forms a barrier between the cell & the outside