1 Latest Generations of Multi Core Processors

Looking forward to Sandy / Ivry Bridge 1st Generation of advanced Multi Core Technology 2nd Generation 3 rd Generation

3 Intel’s strategy Intel introduces new microprocessor architectures every 2 years as part of “Tick-Tock” strategy:

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5 Sandy Bridge 5

 Sandy Bridge microchip will have an architecture optimized for 32-nanometer transistors  The Sandy Bridge microarchitecture is also said to focus on the connections of the processor core like vertical interconnects and multilevel dies  Increase in FLOPs by using AVX (Advanced Vector Extensions)  Haswell will be the successor to Sandy Bridge will be in 22nm.  The tick tock model works just fine…!!!

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8 Intel’s Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge is the codename for a microarchitecture developed by Intel beginning in 2005 for CPUs in computers to replace the Nehalem microarchitecture It was designed for the full range of applications from mobile devices, laptop and desktop computers, to large enterprise servers Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products in January 2011 based on the architecture It is offered in 2, 4 and 8 Cores.

9 Intel’s Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge main features: ◦ 32 nm fabrication process ◦ CPU clock rate 1.4–3.4 GHz, grafics clock rate MHz (for different models) ◦ Turbo Boost 2.0 technology enables rise of clock rate till 3.8 GHz and 1350 MHz respectively ◦ 32 kB data + 32 kB instruction L1 cache (3 clocks) and 256 kB L2 cache (8 clocks) per core ◦ Shared L3 cache, 3-8 MB (25 clocks).

10 Intel’s Sandy Bridge ◦ Sandy Bridge has integrated graphic controller and specialized accelerator; it accelerates multimedia content processing significantly ◦ Sandy Bridge supports DirectX 10.1 and OpenCL 1.1; its productivity far exceeds the performance of the first generation Core ◦ Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) 256-bit instruction set with wider vectors, new extensible syntax and rich functionality.

11 Intel’s Sandy Bridge ◦ Decoded micro-operation cache and enlarged, optimized branch predictor ◦ 256-bit/cycle ring bus interconnect between cores, graphics, cache and System Agent Domain ◦ Intel Quick Sync Video, hardware support for video encoding and decoding ◦ Some types up to 8 physical cores or 16 logical cores through Hyper-threading ◦ TDP of desktop CPUs is 35–95 W, for mobile CPUs –17-55 W.

12 Intel’s Sandy Bridge.

13. Sandy Bridge microarchitecture

14 Sandy Bridge: ring bus. Each core, each slice of L3 (LLC) cache, the on-die GPU, media engine and the system agent all have a stop on the ring bus The bus is made up of four independent rings: a data ring, request ring, acknowledge ring and snoop ring. Each stop for each ring can accept 32- bytes of data per clock

15 IvryBridge Ivry Bridge

16 Ivry Bridge CPU for Notebooks

Ivy Bridge is the first chip to use Intel's 22nm tri-gate transistors, which will help scale frequency and reduce power consumption At a high level Ivy Bridge looks a lot like Sandy Bridge Ivy Bridge is considered a tick from the CPU perspective but a tock from the GPU perspective 17 Intel’s Ivy Bridge

18 Intel’s Ivy Bridge

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Sandy Bridge brought a completely redesigned GPU core onto the processor die itself With Ivry Bridge the GPU remains on die but it grows more than the CPU does this generation Ivry Bridge GPU adds support for OpenCL 1.1, DirectX 11 and OpenGL Intel’s Ivry Bridge

Open Computing Language (OpenCL) is a framework for writing programs that execute across heterogeneous platforms consisting of central processing unit (CPUs), graphics processing unit (GPUs), and other processors. OpenCL includes a language (based on C99) for writing kernels (functions that execute on OpenCL devices), plus application programming interfaces (APIs) that are used to define and then control the platforms. OpenCL provides parallel computing using task-based and data-based parallelism. OpenCL is an open standard maintained by the non-profit technology consortium Khronos Group. It has been adopted by Intel, Advanced Micro Devices, Nvidia, and ARM Holdings. heterogeneous central processing unitgraphics processing unitC99 application programming interfacesparallel computingnon-profitKhronos GroupIntelAdvanced Micro DevicesNvidiaARM Holdingsheterogeneous central processing unitgraphics processing unitC99 application programming interfacesparallel computingnon-profitKhronos GroupIntelAdvanced Micro DevicesNvidiaARM Holdings 21 OpenCL 1.1

22 OpenGL (Open Graphics Library)[3] is a standard specification defining a cross-language, cross-platform API for writing applications that produce 2D and 3D computer graphics. The interface consists of over 250 different function calls which can be used to draw complex three-dimensional scenes from simple primitives. OpenGL was developed by Silicon Graphics Inc. (SGI) in 1992[4] and is widely used in CAD, virtual reality, scientific visualization, information visualization, flight simulation, and video games. OpenGL is managed by the non- profit technology consortium Khronos Group. OpenGL serves two main purposes, to: 1.hide complexities of interfacing with different 3D accelerators by presenting a single, uniform interface 2.hide differing capabilities of hardware platforms by requiring support of the full OpenGL feature set for all implementations (using software emulation if necessary) Open GL

23 Sandy / Ivry Bridge