Chapter 2 Early Hominids

2.2: Australopithecus Afarensis: Lucy and Her Relatives Australopithecus o Earliest group of hominids o “Southern Ape” o Found in Africa Lucy o Belonged to Australopithecus Afarensis Found in the Afar Triangle o Was about 3 feet tall o Mix of human and ape features o Large head o Forehead and jaw stuck out

2.3: Lucy and Her Relatives: Walking on Two Feet Similar Hominids o Lived about 3 to 4 million years ago o Early forms of humans Bipeds – walk on two feet o Gave advantages Could gather and carry food easier Could defend themselves Differences from Humans o Brain was about 1/3 the size o No tools have been found o No spoken language

2.4: Homo Habilis: Handy Man Homo Habilis o Bones found amongst tools o Called “Handy Man” in honor of its ability to make tools o Lived about 1.5 to 2 million years ago o Had a combination of human and ape features o Walked on two feet o Taller than Lucy o Features slightly more humanlike o Brains were twice the size of Lucy’s o Found only in Africa o Living together helped with protection, surviving, and collecting food

2.5: Handy Man: The Toolmaker Tools o Used rocks as chopping tools o Sharp rocks were used for cutting o Animal bones for digging Process o Had to imagine what kind of tool to make o Plan how to make it o Craft it o Pass the knowledge on to others

Advantages o Cutting tools allowed meat to be taken from dead animals o Create traps to catch animals

2.6: Homo Erectus: Upright Man Homo Erectus o Discovered in 1891, before Lucy and Handy Man o Named “Upright Man” because its bones indicated that it stood up straight o Was around from 1.8 million to 200,000 BCE o Believed to be the first hominids to migrate out of Africa o Taller, thinner than early hominids o Bones were strong Made for good walkers and runners o Face looked more like modern humans Foreheads were round and smooth Large ridge above the eyes o Thicker skull

2.7: Upright Man: Traveling with Fire Upright Man o Toolmakers Invented more complex tools o Strong hand-axes made of stone o Used fire Remains show cooked animal meat Help survive cold Protect themselves from animals o Ate more meat than earlier hominids Red deer, elephant, rhinoceros, goat, boar, and oysters

o Created oval huts Posts covered in tree branches o Built shelters as they migrated Helped them live in colder climates and where there was no shelter

2.8: Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis: Neanderthals Homo Sapiens o Discovered in 1856 in the Neander Valley in Germany o Called Neanderthal Man o Lived from 230,000 to 30,000 years ago o Lived in Africa, the Near East, Europe, and parts of Asia o Shorter, stockier than modern humans o Much stronger

o Had large brains Skilled toolmakers o Created knives, scrapers, and spear points o Made sharp, thin blades o Tools helped them survive o Traveled and lived in groups

2.9: Neanderthals: A Sense of Community Sense of community o When members died, were buried in mounds with tools and flowers Shows that they cared about each other and had a sense of ritual o Hunting Worked together to surround, trap, and kill the animal o Cared for the injured and sick o Learned from experience and older members of the group Existed with modern humans for about 10,000 years

2.10: Homo Sapiens Sapiens: Early Modern Humans “Doubly Wise Man” o Created the first ever cave paintings o Lived from 35,000 to 12,000 BCE o Originated in Africa o Spread to Europe, Asia, Australia o Eventually to North and South America through land bridges

o Looked more like modern humans High, rounded skulls Large brains Small teeth Slender bones o Bodies didn’t adapt to cold as well as Neanderthals Survived by creating better tools, shelter, and clothing o Tools Attached thin blades to bone, antler, and stone Used to engrave, sculpt, and sew

o Weapons Made hooks and spears to catch fish Invented the spear thrower and bow and arrow New weapons allowed them to hunt from a distance

2.11: Early Modern Humans: The First Artists Express themselves in a variety of ways o Painted on cave walls o Carved images out of clay, bone, flint, and ivory o Musical instruments Inspiration for Images o The world around them o Their imagination, such as mythical creatures