St. Germain, Trianon, Neuilly, Sevres/Lausanne

 Allies regarded Austria as the successor state of Austria-Hungary, and punished alongside Germany  Agreeing to this treaty was like Austria admitting defeat, admitting their empire was broken up, and recognizing loss of territory  Czechoslovakia was to be separated from them  Additional loss of territory to Italy meant loss of population: a decline of 15 million people  Forbidden to join alliances without LoN permission  Would have to pay reparations—(but bank collapsed in 1922 and Austria never made a single payment)  Austrian army reduced to 30,000

 Received similar level of blame as Austria  Supposed to pay reparations, but never did  Loss of Hungarian territory—2/3 loss of land, 42% of population  Several groups came under foreign rule despite the idea of self-determination  But was it even possible to apply self- determination here? See Source B-map  One of the reasons for loss of territory was to keep Russia from the Dardanelles… security over self-determination?

 Bulgaria had joined the Central Powers in 1915, treated as a defeated power in Paris  Land was taken on borders to prevent access to Aegean Sea, and to change borders with Yugoslavia  Army size restricted  Received (!) part of Turkey  Allies were concerned about Bulgaria’s potential dominance in a highly weakened area

 Main outcomes: divided the Ottoman Empire into new parts & weakened it like Germany, honored the Balfour Declaration and Sykes- Picot, put the Dardanelles in international hands  The Ottoman Sultan remained the official ruler, but like Germany in Versailles:  his army was reduced,  no control on major ports,  vulnerable to internal challenges and  dependent on the west

 Turkish nationalists fought for an independent Turkey, drove out minorities, established a new government under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk  He refused to recognize the Treaty and wanted a new one…  A remarkable turnaround—recognized the Republic of Turkey instead of all the tiny states created by Sevres  Dardanelle Straits remain under international control  Border between Turkey and Iraq to be decided later