Title: King of Burgundy, Castile, Aragon, Naples and Sicily, Austria, King of the Romans, and Holy Roman Empire Grandparents: Isabella and Ferdinand Aunt: Catherine of Aragon Cousin: Mary I of England Son: Philip II (becomes husband of Mary I, is the great nephew of Catherine of Aragon) Wife: Isabella of Portugal

Imperial Diet, 1530 Called in the hopes to end religious division in SUI Result: Augsburg Confession Statement of Lutheran Beliefs Peace of Augsburg, 1555 Recognized Lutheranism as religion Individual principalities would determine religion North  Protestant; South  Catholic

Netherlands Economic benefits to the HRE Protestantism in the Netherlands Spain Flemish background, spoke French, and had HRE councilors Looked upon as a foreigner wages a small war to demonstrate power. France Hapsburg-Valois War  Fight for control over Italy Ottoman Empire (Muslims) Invading Eastern Europe  Charles leads maritime expedition to stop expansion

Son of Charles V (HRE) and Isabella of Portugal (b. 1527) Educated in Spain Marriages 1. Mary of Portugal (m ) 2. Mary, Queen of England (m ) 3. Elizabeth of Valois (m ) 4. Anne of Hapsburg (m )

Economic Boom Moves capitol to Spain Builds El Escorial Hapsburg-Valois Wars Fighting with the Ottomans Battle of Lepanto (1571)

Seen as a grandiose building rising from the hills; makes people believe you are a the law and a god.

1. Economic Decline Large military expense Inflation reduction in agricultural production (droughts) Competition with England textiles Colonies are becoming financially independent 2. Empire spread too thin 3. Piracy

Purpose Bring Catholicism back to England End Elizabeth I’s support of the Netherlands Decisive victory for ENG– Armada is defeated Signals an end to Philip II’s Empire Cannot ally with Ireland Lost 70 naval ships Military power now lies with England