9-24 Warm Up PUMA, KORINA and whoever else…set your experiment up!!! Bennie, Hagles, Millers, Grassland --- SODA??? Finish your lab set up!!! Everyone else – get out your worksheet packet You have until 8:30 to finish pages 1-6

Composition of Matter - Ch 2 Hakim

Terms… Matter – Matter – Anything that occupies space and has mass Anything that occupies space and has mass What is the difference between mass and weight? What is the difference between mass and weight? Mass – Mass – Amount of matter something has Amount of matter something has What is weight? What is weight? Measure of the pull of gravity on an object Measure of the pull of gravity on an object

Elements Elements Substances that cannot be broken into simpler kinds of matter Substances that cannot be broken into simpler kinds of matter Atom – Atom – Simplest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element Simplest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element Nucleus - Nucleus - Contains protons and neutron Contains protons and neutron Makes up most of the mass Makes up most of the mass

Proton Proton Positively charged particles in nucleus Positively charged particles in nucleus Electron Electron Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus Neutron Neutron Neutral particle in the nucleus Neutral particle in the nucleus

Atomic Number Atomic Number Number of protons Number of protons Mass Number Mass Number Number of protons and neutrons in an atom Number of protons and neutrons in an atom Isotopes Isotopes Atoms can have different number of neutrons Atoms can have different number of neutrons EX: Carbon-12, Carbon-13 & Carbon-14 EX: Carbon-12, Carbon-13 & Carbon-14 So the number of isotopes are averaged and that is the mass number on the periodic table So the number of isotopes are averaged and that is the mass number on the periodic table So the majority of Carbon (~99%) has ______ neutrons? So the majority of Carbon (~99%) has ______ neutrons? 6

9-25 Warm up What is the difference between atomic number and mass number? Water your plants (not too much!) Water is in water bottles up front. Get out the worksheet pages 1-6…put your name on it…tear off back sheet…pass pages forward!!! Also, hand in your warm ups!

Compounds - Compounds - Atoms of two or more elements Atoms of two or more elements Elements usually bond to become more stable Elements usually bond to become more stable Energy Levels Energy Levels First energy level can hold 2 electrons First energy level can hold 2 electrons Second energy level can hold 8 electrons Second energy level can hold 8 electrons Third energy level can hold 18 electrons Third energy level can hold 18 electrons Atoms want their energy levels to be full so they are more stable Atoms want their energy levels to be full so they are more stable m m m m Draw this…. Draw this….

How many electrons in… How many electrons in… How many does it need to become stable? How many does it need to become stable? How many electrons in… How many electrons in… And how many needed to be stable? And how many needed to be stable?

9-28 Warm Up How many electrons can carbon accept in it’s 2 nd energy orbital? Check your plants for growth and water them if the soil is no longer moist.

Carbon = Organic Chem. Carbon bonds readily with other elements…why do you think this happens? B/c carbon has only 4 e- in it’s outer orbital, meaning it readily accepts e- from other elements

Compound Aspirin: nt/ch02/sec01/qc08/hm202_01_q08fs.htm nt/ch02/sec01/qc08/hm202_01_q08fs.htm

Draw… single bond Sharing 1 electron = single bond Sharing 2 electrons= double bond Sharing 3 electrons= triple bond

Bonds Covalent Bond – Covalent Bond – Two atoms share electrons Two atoms share electrons Water Water

Bonds Ions – Ions – Atom / molecule with a charge ( + or - ) Atom / molecule with a charge ( + or - ) Elements give / take electrons to become more stable Elements give / take electrons to become more stable Ionic Bond – Ionic Bond – Charged ions attracting each other Charged ions attracting each other m m m m

9-29 Warm Up What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?

Another example of an ionic bond… Another example of an ionic bond…

States of Matter Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas Which state has the least energy? The most? Which state has the least energy? The most? Solid  Liquid  Gas Solid  Liquid  Gas Which state occupies the most volume? Which state occupies the most volume? Which take shape of container? Which take shape of container?

Activation Energy Activation Energy – Activation Energy – Most rxns need energy input to begin Most rxns need energy input to begin Enzyme - Enzyme - Protein that speeds up rxns w/o being changed (lowers activation energy) Protein that speeds up rxns w/o being changed (lowers activation energy)

Polarity Polarity – Polarity – When a molecule has an uneven distribution of charge When a molecule has an uneven distribution of charge Water - Water - Oxygen doesn’t share the e- equally with hydrogen Oxygen doesn’t share the e- equally with hydrogen The oxygen pulls the e- closer, thus the oxygen has a partial negative charge and the hydrogen gets a partial positive charge (draw the picture) The oxygen pulls the e- closer, thus the oxygen has a partial negative charge and the hydrogen gets a partial positive charge (draw the picture)

Bonds Hydrogen Bonds – muy importante Hydrogen Bonds – muy importante Weak attraction between the partially negative oxygen and partially positive hydrogen Weak attraction between the partially negative oxygen and partially positive hydrogen This is gives water some VERY IMPORTANT qualities This is gives water some VERY IMPORTANT qualities

Hydrogen bonds creates surface tension – water “sticks” to itself Hydrogen bonds creates surface tension – water “sticks” to itself Which is more dense, water or metal? Which is more dense, water or metal? Metal Metal Floating paper clip?!?! Floating paper clip?!?! Metal, but paperclip floats b/c water is weakly bonded and those bonds are not breaking. Metal, but paperclip floats b/c water is weakly bonded and those bonds are not breaking.

States of Water What is the most dense state of water? What is the most dense state of water? Water Water This is very important…b/c if ice was more dense lakes would freeze solid and no life could survive This is very important…b/c if ice was more dense lakes would freeze solid and no life could survive

9-30 Warm Up What is activation energy? Test and review sheets due Monday…review for the test tomorrow

Solubility How well something will dissolve in a liquid How well something will dissolve in a liquid Water = polar….which allows it to dissolve other polar / ionic substances Water = polar….which allows it to dissolve other polar / ionic substances Or substances that ionically bonded Or substances that ionically bonded NaCL NaCL

Water and Oil Do water and oil mix? Why / why not? Below is the chemical structure of olive oil…it is NON-POLAR The POLAR water does not dissolve / interact with the NON-POLAR oil.

In your notes…using a book Define: Define: Cohesion – Cohesion – attractive force of similar substances attractive force of similar substances Water to water Water to water Adhesion – Adhesion – Attractive force of different substances Attractive force of different substances Water to glass Water to glass Explain how capillary action or capillarity works Explain how capillary action or capillarity works

pH – Measure of how acid / basic a substance is

Acids and Bases Acids Have low pH Have a lot of H3O+ (HCL or H2SO4) H20 + HCl = H30+ + Cl- Bases High pH Have a lot of OH- (NaOH) H20 + NaOH = Na+ + OH-

Finished!