1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chemistry of Life Chapter 2 Table of Contents Section 1 Composition of Matter Section 2 Energy Section 3 Water and Solutions

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Composition of Matter Chapter 2 Objectives Define the term matter. Explain the relationship between elements and atoms. Draw and label a model of the structure of an atom. Explain how compounds affect an atom’s stability. Contrast covalent and ionic bonds.

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Composition of Matter Chapter 2 Matter Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Mass is the quantity of matter an object has.

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Composition of Matter Chapter 2 Elements and Atoms Elements are made of a single kind of atom and cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The Nucleus –Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of the atom.

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Composition of Matter Chapter 2 Elements and Atoms, continued Electrons –Electrons move about the nucleus in orbitals. –An orbital is a three- dimensional region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Composition of Matter Chapter 2 Elements and Atoms, continued Isotopes –Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are called isotopes.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Composition of Matter Chapter 2 Compounds Compounds consist of atoms of two or more different elements that are joined by chemical bonds in a fixed proportion.

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 2 Compounds Section 1 Composition of Matter

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Composition of Matter Chapter 2 Compounds, continued Covalent Bonds –A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 2 Covalent Bonding Section 1 Composition of Matter

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Composition of Matter Chapter 2 Compounds, continued Ionic Bonds –An ionic bond is formed when one atom gives up an electron to another. The positive ion is then attracted to a negative ion to form the ionic bond.

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 2 Ionic Bonding Section 1 Composition of Matter

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 2 Ionic Bonding Section 1 Composition of Matter

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Energy Chapter 2 Objectives Describe the physical properties of each state of matter. Describe the role of reactants and products in chemical reactions. Explain the relationship between enzymes and activation energy. Explain how oxidation and reduction reactions are linked.

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Energy Chapter 2 Energy and Matter States of Matter –Addition of energy to a substance can cause its state to change from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas.

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Energy Chapter 2 Energy and Chemical Reactions Reactants are substances that enter chemical reactions. Products are substances produced by chemical reactions.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 2 Energy and Chemical Reactions Section 2 Energy

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Energy Chapter 2 Energy and Chemical Reactions, continued Activation Energy –Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy necessary for a reaction to begin in living systems. Oxidation Reduction Reactions –A chemical reaction in which electrons are exchanged between atoms is called an oxidation- reduction reaction.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Objectives Describe the structure of a water molecule. Explain how water’s polar nature affects its ability to dissolve substances. Outline the relationship between hydrogen bonding and the different properties of water. Identify the roles of solutes and solvents in solutions. Differentiate between acids and bases.

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Polarity Water is considered to be a polar molecule due to an uneven distribution of charge. The electrons in a water molecule are shared unevenly between hydrogen and oxygen. Solubility of Water –The polarity of water makes it effective at dissolving other polar substances such as sugars, ionic compounds, and some proteins.

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Hydrogen Bonding A hydrogen bond is the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Hydrogen Bonding, continued Cohesion and Adhesion –Cohesion is an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together, such as water molecules. –Adhesion is the attractive force between two particles of different substances, such as water molecules and glass molecules.

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 2 Comparing Cohesion and Adhesion Section 3 Water and Solutions

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Hydrogen Bonding, continued Temperature Moderation –Water has the ability to absorb a relatively large amount of energy as heat and the ability to cool surfaces through evaporation. Density of Ice –Solid water is less dense than liquid water due to the shape of the water molecule and hydrogen bonding.

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Solutions A solution consists of a solute dissolved in a solvent.

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Acids and Bases Ionization of Water –Water ionizes into hydronium ions (H 3 O + ) and hydroxide ions (OH – ).

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Acids and Bases, continued Acids –Acidic solutions contain more hydronium ions than hydroxide ions. Bases –Basic solutions contain more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions.

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 2 Bases Section 3 Water and Solutions

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Acids and Bases, continued pH –Scientists have developed a scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions in a solution. This scale is called the pH scale, and it ranges from 0 to 14.

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 2 The pH Scale Section 3 Water and Solutions

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Water and Solutions Chapter 2 Acids and Bases, continued Buffers –Buffers are chemicals that neutralize the effects of adding small amounts of either an acid or a base to a solution.

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 2 pH Section 3 Water and Solutions